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Dhu Shanatir, full name Lakhni'ah Yanuf Dhu Shanatir (Arabic: لخنيعة ينوف ذو شناتر) was a semi-legendary Himyarite king who ruled Yemen for at least 27 years. An usurper to the throne who is unrelated to the royal family of Himyar, Dhu Shanatir has sometimes been identified with the Aksumite vassal over Yemen, Ma'dikarib Ya'fur.
| Dhu Shanatir | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reign | 490–517[1] | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Sharhabil Ya'fur | ||||||||
| Successor | Dhu Nuwas | ||||||||
| Died | c. 517 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Religion | South Arabian polytheism | ||||||||
Names
editHis epithet Dhu Shanatir means "The Man with Earrings" in Arabic.[2] However, Ibn Hisham disagreed and stated that the word Shanatir means "fingers" in the Himyaritic language.[3] Dhu Shanatir is sometimes romanized as Zu Shenatir. The name Lakhni'ah Yanuf is a common name amongst the Himyarite kings; a Himyarite prince and son of the king Sharhabil Yakkuf held the same name. A second Lakhni'ah Yanuf is also visible in inscriptions from the court during the reign of Marthad'ilan Yanuf.
Reign
editAccording to the Arab historians, Lakhni'ah Yanuf Dhu Shanatir took power in at least 490 CE following a period of internal dissent caused by the death of the last Himyarite king Sharhabil Ya'fur.[4][5][6] His rule was described as cruel and oppressive, earning him the hatred of the local population. Dhu Shanatir was known to have been extremely rude and vile mannered towards the remaining Himyarite princes. His rule ended around 517 CE when Zur'ah (the real name of Dhu Nuwas according to the Arab historians) stabbed him to death.[4][5][6]
Death
editIbn Ishaq narrates that Lakhni'ah Yanuf Dhu Shanatir had a habit of inviting younger boys to his palace before sodomizing them.[5] This dishonoured his victims, ensuring they would not rule after him. Dhu Shanatir then came to the last of the Himyarite princes, Zur'ah, and invited him to his castle.[6][3] Zur'ah who already known of his exploits hid a dagger in his shoe and set off to the palace; as Dhu Shanatir pounced upon him in the bedroom of the palace, Zur'ah acted fast and stabbed Dhu Shanatir to death with the dagger.[6][3] Zur'ah then cut off Dhu Shanatir's head and then displayed it from the palace balcony. As the people of Himyar saw this, they cheered for Zur'ah and appointed him as leader as a reward for getting rid of the tyrannical leader who oppressed them; a move which the guards of Dhu Shanatir themselves supported.[7][6][3] Zur'ah would take the title of Dhu Nuwas and then ascend the Himyarite throne for a few more years.
Historicity
editThe historicity of Lakhni'ah Yanuf Dhu Shanatir was questioned by some historians including Ehsan Yar-Shater.[3] Furthermore, historical inscriptions attest that a king named Ma'dikarib Ya'fur (who was also not from the royal family of Himyar and was appointed by the Aksumite Empire) took the throne directly before Dhu Nuwas.[8] The historians Franz Altheim and Ruth Stehl, in their work Die Araber in der alten Welt, resolved this issue by proposing the theory that Ma'dikarib Ya'fur was merely a regnal name Lakhni'ah Yanuf Dhu Shanatir took up when he usurped the throne.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ A. M. H. J. Stokvis (1888). Manuel d'histoire, de généalogie et de chronologie de tous les états du globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours [Manual of history, genealogy and chronology of all the states of the globe, from the earliest times to the present day] (in French). Vol. 1. Brill. p. 43.
- ^ Abbas Faroughy (1947). Introducing Yemen. Orientalia. p. 43.
- ^ a b c d e Bosworth, C. E. (4 November 1999). The History of al-Tabari, Vol. 5: The Sasanids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. SUNY Press. pp. 188–190. ISBN 9780791497227.
- ^ a b Ibrahim, Mahmood (23 May 2014). Merchant Capital and Islam. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292767720.
- ^ a b c Guillaume, Alfred (1955). The Life of Muhammad, translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sira Rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0196360331.
- ^ a b c d e Ibn Hisham (1 January 2020). As-Seerah an-Nabawiyyah Volume 1 [The Life Of The Prophet]. Dar Sadr. ISBN 978-9953130729.
- ^ Scham, Sandra (19 January 2018). Extremism, Ancient and Modern: Insurgency, Terror and Empire in the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 9781351846547.
- ^ Zein, Ibrahim Mohamed; El-Wakil, Ahmed (30 December 2022). The Covenants of the Prophet Muḥammad: From Shared Historical Memory to Peaceful Co-existence. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-82096-6.
- ^ Altheim, Franz; Stiehl, Ruth (1964). Die Araber in der alten Welt [von] Franz Altheim und Ruth Stiel (in German). De Gruyter.