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Dan (ancient city)

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Dan (Hebrew: דן) is an ancient city mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, described as the northernmost city of the Kingdom of Israel,[1] and belonging to the tribe of Dan, its namesake. It was later the site of a royal sanctuary built by Jeroboam.[2]

Tel Dan
תל דן‎
Restored Bronze Age gate at Tel Dan
Dan (ancient city) is located in Israel
Dan (ancient city)
Shown within Israel
Dan (ancient city) is located in Eastern Mediterranean
Dan (ancient city)
Dan (ancient city) (Eastern Mediterranean)
Alternative nameتل القاضي
Location Israel
Coordinates33°14′56″N 35°39′07″E / 33.249°N 35.652°E / 33.249; 35.652
Typeconserved ruins
History
Foundedc. 4500 BC
Abandonedc. 733 BC
PeriodsNeolithic period, Bronze Age, Iron Age
CulturesNeolithic, Canaanite, Israelite
Site notes
Public accessyes
WebsiteTel Dan Nature Reserve

The city is identified with a tell located in Upper Galilee, northern Israel, known as Tel Dan (תל דן‎; "Mound of Dan") in Hebrew and Tell el-Qadi ("Mound of the Judge") in Arabic, a popular translation of the ancient Hebrew name.[3] The site was occupied continuously from the Early Bronze Age through the Iron Age II, the time of the Kingdom of Israel. While evidence suggests a period of abandonment during the Persian era, it was later rebuilt as a Hellenistic city with a notable shrine.[3]

Identification and names

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The Hebrew Bible states that prior to its conquest by the tribe of Dan the site was known as Laish with variant spellings within the Books of Joshua, Judges and Isaiah.[4] In Joshua 19:47 it is called Leshem, which means "jewel".[5] Isaiah 10:30 has the alternative name Laishah "Lioness" in a number of translations.[6]

Rabbinic works,[7] and writers like Philostorgius, Theodoret, Benjamin of Tudela and Samuel ben Samson, all incorrectly identified Dan or Laish, with Banias (Paneas).[8][9][10] Eusebius of Caesarea more accurately places Dan/Laish in the vicinity of Paneas at the fourth mile on the route to Tyre.[10]

The Arab name of the archaeological site, Tell el-Qadi, meaning "the tell of the judge," plays on the distinction between Arabic "din" and Hebrew "dan," offering a popular translation of the ancient Hebrew name.[3] 19th century Swiss traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt identified the source of the Jordan River having the name "Dhan" (Arabic: ضان) in his travelogue published posthumously in 1822.[11] The American naval officer William F. Lynch was the first to identify Tell el-Qadi as the site of the ancient city of Dan in 1849.[12] Three years later, Edward Robinson made the same identification,[13] and this identification is now securely accepted.[2]

Tel Dan is the modern Israeli name for the site, based on the original Biblical name.[5]

Geography

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Dan is situated in the area known as the Galilee Panhandle, which is a part of Upper Galilee. To the west is the southern part of Mount Lebanon; to the east and north are the Hermon mountains. Melting snow from the Hermon mountains provides the majority of the water of the Jordan River, and passes through Dan, making the immediate area highly fertile. The lush vegetation that results makes the area around Dan seem somewhat out of place in the otherwise arid region around it. Due to its location close to the border with Syria and Lebanon at the far north of the territory which fell under the British Mandate of Palestine, the site has a long and often bitterly contested modern history, most recently during the 1967 Six-Day War.

Biblical narrative

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Laish/Leshem

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According to the Book of Judges, prior to the Tribe of Dan occupying the land, the town was known as Laish (Judges 18:7, 14, 27–29), meaning lion, or rather lioness.[14][15] Joshua 19:47, although telling the same story as Judges 18, names the city as Leshem, which makes the researchers consider it as being the same place.[14]

Laish was allied with the Sidonians. This might indicate they were Phoenicians (Sidonians were Phoenicians from the city of Sidon), who may or may not have been Canaanite. The alliance offered little practical benefit due to the remoteness of Laish from Sidon, and the intervening Lebanon mountains. The town was also isolated from the Assyrians and Aram by the Hermon mountains; the Septuagint mentions that the town was unable to have an alliance with the Aramaeans.[citation needed] The Masoretic Text does not mention the Aramaeans, but instead states that the town had no relationship with any man – textual scholars believe that this is a scribal error, with adham (man) being a mistake for Aram.[16]

Israelite city of Dan

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Israelite-period cultic precinct unearthed at Dan

According to the Book of Judges story of Micah's Idol, the Tribe of Dan did not at that point have any territory to their name (Judges 18:1), and so, after scouting out the land, eventually decided to attack Laish, as the land around it was fertile, and the town was demilitarised. The Bible describes the Tribe of Dan with 600 men brutally defeating the people of Laish and burning it to the ground, and then building their city in the same spot. The narrative states that Laish became known as Dan after the tribe. They then erected a sanctuary that housed the idol stolen from Micah, which was served by a priest who was Moses' grandson. The sanctuary later received one of the two golden calves of Jeroboam, and remained in use until the "time of captivity of the land" and the time that the "house of God" ceased to be in Shiloh. Scholars think that the former refers to the Assyrian conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by Tiglath-Pileser III in 733/732, and that the latter refers to the time of Hezekiah's religious reform;[17] an alternative possibility, however, supported by a minority of scholars, is that "time of captivity of the land" is a scribal error and should read "time of captivity of the Ark", referring to the battle of Eben-Ezer, and the Philistine capture of the Ark, and that the ceasing of the "house of God" being in Shiloh refers to this also.[17]

Golden calf worship

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According to 2 Kings 10:29 and 2 Chronicles 13:8, Jeroboam erected two golden calves as gods in Bethel and Dan. Textual scholars believe that this is where the Elohist story of Aaron's golden calf originates due to opposition in some sections of Israelite society, including the Elohists, to the seeming idol-worship of Jeroboam.[18] However, some Biblical scholars believe that Jeroboam was trying to outdo the Temple in Jerusalem, by creating a seat for God that spanned the entire Kingdom of Israel rather than just the small space above the Ark of the Covenant in Jerusalem. The Holy of Holies in the Jerusalem Temple of Judah was represented by a cherub on either side, so Jeroboam might have been using the calves to represent the sides of his sanctuary, implying his whole kingdom was equal in holiness to the Ark.[19]

Archaeology

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According to the archaeological excavations at the site, the town was originally occupied in the Late Neolithic period (c. 4500 BCE), and at some time in the fourth millennium BCE it was abandoned for almost 1,000 years.[20]

Bronze Age

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Laish was a fortified settlement during the Early Bronze Age.[21] The Egyptians cursed Laish in execration texts written during the Middle Kingdom (21st–17th century BCE), but the repetition in such texts of formulas from older ones dating to the Old Kingdom (27th–22nd century BCE) seem to indicate that they reflected the historical reality of the Early Bronze Age, rather than that of the Middle Bronze Age.[22]

The excavators of Tel Dan uncovered a city gate made of mud bricks on top of megalithic basalt blocks called orthostats,[23] estimated to have been built during the Middle Bronze Age around 1750 BCE.[24] As of 2009, its three constituent 'true' arches were the oldest complete and free-standing monumental arches made of mud-brick known in the world.[24] Its popular name is Abraham's Gate, due to the biblical story that Abraham travelled to Dan to rescue his nephew Lot (Genesis 14:14:). The gate was restored in the late 2000s and has become a popular tourist attraction.[25]

In the 15th century BCE, Tuthmosis III conquered Dan (called Laysha) along others (Egyptian hieroglyphs did not distinguish between L and R).[26][27]

Iron Age

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Israelite outer gate
 
The Tel Dan stele. The Aramaic letters "BYTDWD", meaning "House of David", are highlighted.

During the Iron Age I, Egyptian withdrawal from Canaan led Dan to possibly become an independent entity until the 10th century BCE, when it was annexed by Israel or one of the Aramean kingdoms.[28]

Israelite city wall and gate

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The Israelite gate was built at a different location than the Canaanite gate.

In 1992, in order to tidy up the site for presentation to visitors, a heap of debris was removed[where?] which dated from the time of the Assyrian destruction of the city by Tiglath-Pileser III in 733/2 BCE. A hitherto unknown earlier gateway[where?] to the city was uncovered. The entrance complex led to a courtyard paved with stone with a low stone platform.[clarification needed] In the 9th century BCE, the podium[clarification needed] was enlarged, and major fortifications were built, a city wall with buttresses and a complex gate. The podium[clarification needed] was enlarged further in the 8th century BCE by Jeroboam II, then destroyed by Tiglath-Pileser III.[29][failed verification]

 
Tel Dan in 1969

Seat of king or judge

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At the Israelite gate there is a raised square platform reached by two steps. Decorated stone sockets in the corners may have been created to hold canopy poles. It may have been the base of the king's seat, where he would sit in judgment.[30]

Tel Dan stele

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Main article: Tel Dan stele

Within the remains of the city wall, close to the entrance of the outer gate, parts of the stele were found.[31] The basalt stone bears an Aramaic inscription referring to one of the kings of Damascus; the excavators of the site believe that the king it refers to is Hazael (c 840 BCE),[32] though a minority argue that it instead refers to Ben-Hadad (c 802 BCE).[33] A small part of the inscription remains, with text containing the letters 'ביתדוד' (BYTDWD), which most archaeologists agree refers to "House of David" (Beth David in Hebrew.[34][35]) In the line directly above, the text reads 'MLK YSR'L', i.e. "King of Israel". Hebrew script from the era is vowel-less, which would make the inscription the first time that the name David has been found at an archaeological site dating before 500 BCE.

Dan suffered in the era of expansion by the Aramaeans, due to being the closest city to them in the kingdom of Israel. The several incursions indicated by the Book of Kings suggest that Dan changed hands at least four times between the Kingdom of Israel and Aramaeans, around the time that Israel was ruled by Ahab and the Aramaeans by Ben Hadad I, and their successors. Around this time, the Tel Dan stele was created by the Aramaeans, during one of the periods of their control of Dan.

When the Assyrian empire expanded to the south, the kingdom of Israel initially became a vassal state, but after rebelling, the Assyrians invaded and the town fell to Tiglath-Pileser III in 733/732 BCE.

Excavations at the cultic area of Dan have revealed a religious compound with a large four-horned central altar and presenting a diverse amount of cult paraphernalia.[36]

Later periods

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During the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods, remains indicate that cultic activities continued around the podium (also known as "the High Place").[29]

Tel Dan Nature Reserve

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The Tel Dan Nature Reserve was first declared on 39 hectares surrounding the Tel in 1974. 9 hectares were added to the reserve in 1989.[37] The Dan River is one of the three water sources of the Jordan River which meet in the northern part of the Hula Valley.[38] Notable points of interest include Paradise Springs, the Abraham or Canaanite Gate and the Israelite Gate.[39]

References

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  1. ^ See verses listed at From Dan to Beersheba
  2. ^ a b Lemche, Niels Peter (2004). Historical dictionary of ancient Israel. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8108-4848-1.
  3. ^ a b c Lemche, Niels Peter (2004). Historical dictionary of ancient Israel. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8108-4848-1.
  4. ^ Provan, Iain William; Long, V. Philips; Longman, Tremper (2003). A Biblical History of Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 181–183. ISBN 0-664-22090-8.
  5. ^ a b N. P. Lemche (2003). "'House of David', the Tel Dan Inscription(s)". In T. L. Thompson (ed.). Jerusalem in Ancient History and Tradition. T&T Clark International. p. 47.
  6. ^ e.g. ASV, NIV and NRSV
  7. ^ Jastrow, M, 1903. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Bavli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, p. 1185 and 1189, or webpage.
  8. ^ Wilson (2004), p. 150
  9. ^ Provan, Long, Longman, 2003, pp. 181-183
  10. ^ a b Saulcy, 1854, pp. 537-538
  11. ^ Burckhardt, John Lewis (1822). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. J. Murray. ISBN 978-1-4142-8338-8. The source of the Jordan, or as it is here called, Dhan (ضان), is at an hour and a quarter N. E. from Banias.
  12. ^ Lynch, W. F. (1849). Narrative of the United States Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. London: Richard Bentley. p. 472.
  13. ^ Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and in the Adjacent Regions - A Journal of Travels in the Year 1852. Boston: Crocker & Brewster., p. 392
  14. ^ a b abarim-publications, Laish "Laish" and "Laishah" at Abarim Publications. Re-accessed 20 July 2022.
  15. ^ Laish at Bible Gateway. Accessed 20 July 2022.
  16. ^ Peake, A. S.; Black, M.; Rowley, H. H. (2001). Peake's Commentary on the Bible. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26355-9. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  17. ^ a b   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Micah". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  18. ^ Friedman, Richard Elliot (1989). Who wrote the Bible?. Perennial Library. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-06-097214-1. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  19. ^ Friedman 1989, p. 47.
  20. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., Gopher, A., and Nadel, D. (1987). "Pottery Neolithic Levels at Tel Dan". Mitekufat Haeven, Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 20:91–113.
  21. ^ Ben-Tor (2006), p. 81.
  22. ^ Ben-Tor (2006), pp. 67, 81.
  23. ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihai (2007). Brian B. Schmidt (ed.). The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0.
  24. ^ a b Frances, Rosa: The three-arched middle Bronze Age gate at Tel Dan - A structural investigation of an extraordinary archaeological site, retrieved 9 April 2020.
  25. ^ Ilani, Ofri; Ashkenazi, Eli (March 18, 2009). "4,000-year-old 'Abraham's Gate' reopened to public after painstaking restoration work". Ha'aretz English Language Edition.
  26. ^ Müller, Wilhelm Max; Lutz, Henry Frederick. "Geographic List Of Tuthmosis III. Karnak.". Egyptological Researches: Results of a journey in 1904. pp. 80f. second row, #31. Egyptian hieroglyphs – like contemporary Linear A and Linear B – did not distinguish L and R.
  27. ^ "Dan". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
  28. ^ Ilan, David (2020). DAN IV - The Iron Age I Settlement: The Avraham Biran Excavations (1966-1999). ISD LLC. pp. 634–635. ISBN 978-0-87820-183-9.
  29. ^ a b Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (July 2005). Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  30. ^ Rogoff, Mike (February 24, 2015). "When King David Sat 'In the Gate,' What Did That Mean?". Haaretz. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  31. ^ Biran, Avraham; Naveh, Joseph (1993). "An Aramaic Stele Fragment from Tel Dan". Israel Exploration Journal. 43 (2–3). Israel Exploration Society: 81–98. JSTOR 27926300.
  32. ^ Suriano, Mathew J. (2007). "The Apology of Hazael: A Literary and Historical Analysis of the Tel Dan Inscription". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 66 (3): 163–176. doi:10.1086/521754. S2CID 162347286.
  33. ^ George Athas (2003). The Tel Dan inscription: a reappraisal and a new interpretation. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-04043-5. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  34. ^ Rainey, Anson F. (November–December 1994). "The House of David and the House of the Deconstructionists". Biblical Archaeological Review. 20 (6).
  35. ^ Shanks, Hershel (September–October 1999). "Biran at Ninety". Biblical Archaeology Review. 25 (3). Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  36. ^ Greer, Jonathan S. (2013). Dinner at Dan: Biblical and Archaeological Evidence for Sacred Feasts at Iron Age II Tel Dan and Their Significance. BRILL. p. 98. ISBN 978-90-04-26062-7.
  37. ^ "List of National Parks and Nature Reserves" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2009. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  38. ^ Eretz Magazine Archived March 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Tel Dan Nature Reserve, accessed 12 October 2020

Bibliography

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