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The Boruca language (in Boruca: Brúnkajk;[2] also known as Bronka, Bronca, Brunca) is the native language of the Boruca people of Costa Rica. Boruca belongs to the Isthmian branch of the Chibchan languages. Though exact speaker numbers are uncertain, UNESCO’s Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger has listed Boruca as "critically endangered".[2][3] It was spoken fluently by only five women in 1986, while 30 to 35 others spoke it non-fluently. The rest of the tribe's 1,000 members speak Spanish.

Boruca
Bronca
Native toCosta Rica
Ethnicityone thousand Boruca people (1991)[1]
Native speakers
3 (2007)[1]
Chibchan
  • Boruca
Language codes
ISO 639-3brn
Glottologboru1252
ELPBoruca

Boruca is taught as a second language at the local primary school Escuela Doris Z. Stone. One can hear Bronka words and phrases mixed into Spanish conversations but it is extremely rare to hear prolonged exchanges in Bronka.

Grammar

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The personal pronouns in Boruca (the represents a glottal stop.)[4]

Person Singular Plural
1st át diᵛ / diᵛ rójc
2nd biᵛ / biᵛ rójc
3rd i i rójc / iᵛ rójc

The numbers (the "n̈", "n" with the diaeresis "¨" on top may be unavailable in some fonts, it represents a slightly different sound from the normal n or ñ.)[5]

Numbers Bronka
1 éᵛxe, éᵛxi
2 búᵛc
3 man̈
4 bájcan̈
5 shishcán̈
6 téshan
7 cúj, cújc
8 éjtan̈
9 cújtan̈, éjcuj
10 téjcuj, cróshtan̈, búᵛc cúj

Greetings

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¿Ishójcre rában? 'What's up?'
Morén, morén. 'Fine, well.'[6]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Boruca at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b Hanson, Seibert; E, Aroline (2019). "Reexamining the classification of an endangered language: The vitality of Brunca". Language Documentation & Conservation. 13: 384–400. ISSN 1934-5275.
  3. ^ UNESCO. “UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger”. 2017. http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php.
  4. ^ Quesada Pacheco, Miguel Ángel (1995). Hablemos Boruca. (in Spanish and Boruca). San José, Costa Rica: Ministerio de Educación Pública. p. 33. ISBN 9977-60-114-3.
  5. ^ Quesada Pacheco, Miguel Ángel (1995). Hablemos boruca. (in Spanish and Boruca). San José, Costa Rica: Ministerio de Educación Pública. p. 82. ISBN 9977-60-114-3.
  6. ^ Maroto Rojas, Espíritu Santo (1999). "Palabras varias Saludos". Lengua o dialecto Boruca o Brunkajk. (in Spanish and Boruca). San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. p. 49. ISBN 9977-67-554-6.