[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/
Wikipedia

2 Broadway

2 Broadway is an office building at the south end of Broadway, near Bowling Green Park, in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The 32-story building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons and constructed from 1958 to 1959, contains offices for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). 2 Broadway serves as the headquarters for some of the MTA's subsidiary agencies.

2 Broadway
2 Broadway as seen in 2014
(2014)
Map
General information
TypeOffice
Architectural styleInternational
Address2-8 Broadway
Town or cityFinancial District, Manhattan, New York City
CountryUnited States
Coordinates40°42′16″N 74°00′47″W / 40.7045°N 74.0130°W / 40.7045; -74.0130
Construction started1958
Completed1959
Renovated1999
Height421 feet (128 m)
Technical details
Floor count32
Design and construction
Architecture firmEmery Roth & Sons
Renovating team
Renovating firmSkidmore, Owings & Merrill
References
[1]

The building is on a site bounded by Broadway and Whitehall Street to the west, Beaver Street to the north, and Stone Street to the south. It fills most of the lot, with the building rising in triple setbacks. The facade is covered in blue-green tinted glass, which dates from a 1999 redesign by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

The site was previously occupied by the George B. Post–designed New York Produce Exchange building, which was completed in 1884. Plans for the skyscraper date to 1953, when William Lescaze devised plans to replace the Produce Exchange Building. Emery Roth & Sons were selected to be the architects when Uris Buildings Corporation took over the project. The original tenants were largely financial firms, while the Produce Exchange owned the land under the building and occupied some lower floors. Olympia and York acquired 2 Broadway in 1976 and the underlying land in 1983. After the building became mostly vacant during the early 1990s, Tamir Sapir purchased 2 Broadway in 1995. The building was renovated after the MTA leased all the space in 1998; the project encountered high costs and several delays.

Site

edit
Headquarters of the New York Produce Exchange 
The site was formerly occupied by the headquarters of the New York Produce Exchange

2 Broadway is in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City, along the eastern side of Bowling Green. The land lot is shaped irregularly, with frontage on seven streets: Stone Street to the south; Broadway and Whitehall Street, along Bowling Green, to the west;[a] Beaver Street and Marketfield Street to the north; and New Street and Broad Street to the east.[2][b] The building also wraps around other structures at the city block's northeast corner, at Marketfield and Broad Streets, and at the block's southeast corner, at Broad and Stone Streets.[2]

The building is adjacent to 26 Broadway to the north, the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House to the west, and the American Bank Note Company Building to the northeast. It also faces 1 Broadway, the Bowling Green Offices Building (11 Broadway), and the Cunard Building (25 Broadway) to the west.[2] The Whitehall Street station of the New York City Subway, serving the 1​, R​, and ​W trains, contains entrances directly outside 2 Broadway.[5]

Much of the site was previously occupied by the ten-story New York Produce Exchange headquarters, erected between 1881 and 1884 to designs by George B. Post.[6][7] The structure had been built at a time when the Produce Exchange was in high demand; in 1900, the exchange performed $15 million of business every day. By the 1950s, membership at the Produce Exchange had declined to five hundred from its peak membership of three thousand.[7] The site was also occupied by three smaller buildings, including a five-story structure at 76 Broad Street.[3][4]

Architecture

edit

2 Broadway was designed by Emery Roth & Sons and completed in 1959.[8][9][1] It was one of several large post-World War II buildings the firm erected in Manhattan, besides the Pan Am Building, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, and the Chemical New York Trust Building.[10] The current exterior dates to 1999, when Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) installed new cladding on the building.[9][1]

The structure consists of 32 stories, with a height of 421 feet (128.32 m).[1] The design fills most of the lot, with the building rising in triple setbacks. The building was designed so it occupied the maximum volume and massing allowed under zoning regulations at the time.[11][12] Under a subsequent change to the zoning code, proposed one year after 2 Broadway was completed, the building would have exceeded the maximum shape of that code.[13]

Facade

edit
Further information: 2 Broadway murals (Lee Krasner)

Originally, 2 Broadway's facade was clad with full-height glass windows between black horizontal spandrels. The glass windows were separated by gray vertical mullions. Gray horizontal bars alternately ran atop the bottom or top of each spandrel, resulting in a staggered pattern.[14][15] A similar pattern is employed in the Jacob K. Javits Federal Building.[15] Carter B. Horsley wrote for The New York Times in 1977 that the facade pattern did not relate to the building's structural system, unlike most other structures built in New York City at the time.[15] Following SOM's renovation, the facade was covered in blue-green tinted glass.[9]

Above the main entrance at Broadway is a mosaic mural by Lee Krasner and Ronald Stein, measuring 86 feet (26 m) wide and 12 feet (3.7 m) tall. The mosaic is composed of multicolored glass tiles in green, gold, black, and crimson hues.[12][16][17] Another mosaic by the same artists is installed over the entrance on Broad Street but measures 15 by 15 feet (4.6 by 4.6 m). The works were installed on the suggestion of B. H. Friedman, an executive at Uris Brothers, the company that developed 2 Broadway.[12] These artworks were never given a title.[18]

Interior

edit

The building contains about 1,600,000 square feet (150,000 m2) of total interior space.[19] It was built with 1,390,000 square feet (129,000 m2) of leasable space, with about 59,000 square feet (5,500 m2) of office space on each floor.[20] This made 2 Broadway the second largest skyscraper in the Financial District at the time of its completion, behind One Chase Manhattan Plaza (now 28 Liberty Street).[21] As of 2021, the building houses offices of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA).[22] Some of the MTA's subsidiaries are headquartered at 2 Broadway, including the New York City Transit Authority, MTA Bridges and Tunnels, and MTA Capital Construction.[23]

2 Broadway's lobby was originally accessed by three entrances at Broadway, Broad Street, and New Street, which were open to the public and internally connected.[24] The entrance concourse at Broad Street, measuring 100 by 20 feet (30.5 by 6.1 m), was planted with flowers, shrubs, and trees when the building was completed.[25] Other features of the lobby included a gray marble panel on the wall, embedded with a fossilized coral reef estimated to be 360 million years old.[26]

History

edit

Planning and construction

edit

In October 1953, the Produce Exchange leased the site of its headquarters to developers Jack D. Weiler and Benjamin H. Swig for up to 100 years.[27][28] The developers planned to construct a 30-story building on the Produce Exchange's site at 2 Broadway for $25 million.[3][4][29] In the original design by William Lescaze, the first and second stories would have occupied the whole lot, with a ground-level arcade, a two-story lobby, and a tenants' garage with 300 spots. The 3rd to 11th floors would have contained shallow setbacks from the street. The 12th to 30th floors would have comprised the tower slab measuring 72 feet (22 m) parallel to Broadway and 250 feet (76 m) deep.[3][4] The tower slab was to be slightly hexagonal with concave bulges on the north and south. The facade of the third through 11th stories on Bowling Green would have been a grid, while the other facades would have been "horizontal strip" windows, horizontally spaced between balconies.[20] The building would have had 1 million square feet of space, with 50,000 square feet (4,600 m2) on each of the 3rd to 11th floors and 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2) on each of the tower floors.[30] Tenants of the existing Produce Exchange Building would have been able to rent space in 2 Broadway.[3][4]

Main entrance of 2 Broadway behind an entrance to the Bowling Green station 
Main entrance of 2 Broadway (background); in the foreground is the entrance to the Bowling Green station

After the original plan stalled, the Charles F. Noyes Company subsequently took over the development project.[31] The development had stalled until plans for One Chase Manhattan Plaza had been announced in 1956.[32] As part of an agreement finalized that May, the exchange was allowed to retain ownership of the land under the new building.[31][33] The Charles F. Noyes Company, which was funding the project, announced that August that Lescaze and Kahn & Jacobs had revised the plans. The building was then planned to be 33 stories with 1,069,000 square feet (99,300 m2) of rentable office space, making it the fourth-largest office building in New York City by rentable area.[34][c]

The Uris Buildings Corporation took over the project in January 1957 and hired Emery Roth & Sons to redesign the skyscraper. The Roth design was also to be thirty stories but contained an additional 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2).[12] The Produce Exchange moved to temporary quarters the same month,[35][36] and demolition began that February.[37][38] The final designs provided for a 32-story tower, the largest skyscraper to be developed in Lower Manhattan after World War II.[8] Half of the planned 1,300,000 square feet (120,000 m2) of office space was rented by July 1957, even though the Produce Exchange Building was still being demolished.[39] Facade installation was underway by early 1959.[40] The structure was completed that June;[41] the space was fully leased by the time it was completed.[42]

Early occupancy

edit
View of buildings on Bowling Green from a nearby sidewalk, looking toward 2 Broadway in the background 
The building with its original facade in 1964

The Produce Exchange moved to 2 Broadway, the site of its old building, in November 1959.[43] The land under 2 Broadway was leased from the Produce Exchange, which earned $275,000 per year.[44] The other original tenants were largely financial firms, including sixteen brokerage firms.[41] Leases at the building were originally handled by Cushman & Wakefield,[24] which itself occupied some space in the building from 1959 to 1962.[45] The leases included four stories for the City Bank/Farmers Trust Company,[46][47] three stories for American Electric Power,[48] two stories for Haskins and Sells,[49][50] two stories for Continental Grain,[51] parts of two stories for steamship operator Moore-McCormack,[52] and some space for IBM.[53] The large number of visitors to the building's financial firms, as well as the fact that the main lobby was used as a public pedestrian shortcut, resulted in extremely high visitor traffic, thereby increasing maintenance costs.[24]

In 1973, the Produce Exchange was converted into a real estate investment trust called the Produce Exchange Realty Trust (PERT).[54] The trust's main property was the land ownership of 2 Broadway.[55] The same year, Uris Buildings was sold to National Kinney Corporation, which shortly afterward placed 2 Broadway and ten other Uris properties for sale.[56] Samuel J. LeFrak expressed interest in buying 2 Broadway and most of the other Uris structures in 1976.[57]

Olympia & York ownership

edit
Beaver Street facade 
Seen from Beaver Street

Olympia and York (O&Y) bought 2 Broadway in 1977 as part of a $50 million transaction involving several Uris properties. The transactions made the firm the largest commercial landlord in Manhattan.[56][58] By 1980, the building was again fully occupied.[59] With its purchase of the building, O&Y took over the $275,000-per-year lease of the land under 2 Broadway, which was scheduled to be renewed in 1981.[60] Upon the lease's expiration, PERT proposed to raise the annual rental to $2.01 million, based on a clause in the lease that set the annual rental as five percent of the land value, as if the land had been vacant and unimproved. While two appraisers agreed the land was worth $40.2 million, O&Y objected that the value had been incorrectly derived.[61][62] The dispute was brought to the New York Supreme Court, which in May 1983 ruled in favor of PERT.[63] Later that year, PERT's trustees proposed and approved a plan to sell off its ownership in 2 Broadway, its only large asset, to O&Y for $26 million.[60][64][65] In early 1984, O&Y secured a $970 million floating-rate mortgage for 2 Broadway and two other Manhattan properties.[66][67]

As the 1990s recession affected O&Y's finances, the vacancy rate at 2 Broadway reached 60 percent by 1992.[68][69] The structure was described in The New York Times as "a stark illustration of the neighborhood's struggling office market".[70] O&Y, struggling to pay $60 million of property taxes, attempted to persuade the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development to lease about 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2).[69] Around the same time, the MTA rented space at 2 Broadway, moving some of its operations from its former headquarters at 370 Jay Street in Downtown Brooklyn.[71][72] O&Y subsequently restructured its $970 million mortgage notes, and Apollo Investors became the majority owner of the notes.[70][73] Accordingly, the note-holders became the owners of 2 Broadway.[74] O&Y announced in July 1994 that it would sell 2 Broadway to raise money for the two other properties.[75]

MTA headquarters

edit

In August 1995, the media announced that 2 Broadway had been purchased for $20.5 million.[70][74] The buyer was Tamir Sapir, a Soviet immigrant and cab driver turned real-estate investor, who acquired the building through his firm, ZAR Realty, that October.[76] At the time, the MTA was the only tenant of 2 Broadway.[77] While other developers saw the building as a white elephant,[76][78] the building's brokers expressed optimism that the vacant space would be attractive to a large tenant.[79] ZAR hired SOM in mid-1997 to upgrade the building's mechanical systems and renovating its lobby.[76][80] By then, ZAR received offers of $80 million for the property, but Sapir refused to sell.[76] At the same time, the MTA was looking to consolidate its space, which then was split across several buildings.[81]

The facade of 2 Broadway after it was renovated. The picture was taken during sunset, making the facade look pink and brown instead of blue-green. 
The renovated facade of 2 Broadway during sunset

The MTA signed a 49-year lease for the entire building in July 1998, with two 15-year renewal options, the day after it sold the New York Coliseum. The lease was one of the largest in city history at the time.[82][83] The lease was worth $1.6 billion, or about $20 per square foot ($220/m2) per year for the 50-year term.[19] Shortly after the MTA's lease was signed, ZAR and the MTA started renovating 2 Broadway, with the cost then estimated at $39 million.[77] Credit Suisse First Boston gave Sapir a $150 million mortgage on the property in late 1998,[78] and Carlton Advisory Services gave another $230.2 million in financing the next year.[84] The MTA started moving additional personnel from the New York Coliseum into 2 Broadway in 1999.[19] The MTA had initially named Sapir as the developer of its office space, offering to pay him $7 million in bonuses. The refurbishment of mechanical systems and interiors was then expected to cost $55 million while the offices would be furnished for $80 million.[85]

The refurbishment encountered delays in part due to a high demand for skilled construction workers citywide.[86] A dispute also arose when the MTA replaced Sapir with Frederick C. Contini, whom Sapir had fired for another reason. The change of developer led Sapir to sue the MTA.[85] Project costs increased as well; the renovations were expected to cost $135 million by 2000[77] and about $430 million by 2003.[87][88][d] Part of the budget increase was attributed to corruption by several parties involved in the renovation,[87] including Contini, who was subsequently indicted for embezzling several million dollars.[85] Investigations of Contini's activities found that some of the embezzled funds had gone to the Gambino and Genovese crime families.[89] The cost of routine work rose ten times from normal levels, and the law firm which the MTA hired to negotiate the building's lease sent the agency invoices for $8 million in legal fees.[90] Sapir and the MTA settled their suit in late 2003.[91][92] The renovation was only about two-thirds complete at that time,[90][93][94] leading one reporter to write, "2 Broadway stands as a monument to what's wrong with the MTA and how it handles the public's money."[93] The total cost of the renovation ended up at $499 million, excluding an additional $346 million in interest costs.[95]

Around 2003, the New York City Transit Authority assumed responsibility of the building.[93] At that point, 2,700 workers were working in 2 Broadway and another two thousand were to be relocated by the end of the year.[94] By 2011, the building had offices for 4,200 MTA employees,[96] putting it at 87 percent occupancy.[97] That year, the MTA announced plans to sell off its other office buildings at 341–347 Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan.[96][97] As part of this plan, many of the 873 employees at Madison Avenue would be moved to 2 Broadway.[96] In addition, the remaining employees at 370 Jay Street were moved to 2 Broadway around the same time.[23] The Madison Avenue employees were relocated to 2 Broadway in 2014 and early 2015.[98][99] By the early 2020s, all of the MTA employees at 347 Madison Avenue and 370 Jay Street had been relocated to 2 Broadway.[100]

Impact

edit

The design of 2 Broadway was criticized by Architectural Forum editor Douglas Haskell, who wrote in 1959 that the Roth firm's space-maximizing design was a "cubistic method of composition", due to the need to conform to zoning law.[11][101] Haskell stated of the building's curtain wall facade, "From a distance the wall looks not unlike a great piece of magnified and glass-filled chain mail".[12][14] Ada Louise Huxtable wrote in 1986 that, in comparison to the design for the Produce Exchange, "The successor at 2 Broadway, a legitimate descendant if one considers only the engineering drawings, looks as if it could be demolished with a can opener."[102] After SOM renovated the facade, the AIA Guide to New York City wrote that the exterior was a "sleek glass and elegant metal" cladding on what had been a "banal" structure.[9]

2 Broadway was shown in the American comedy-drama film The Apartment (1960), produced and directed by Billy Wilder, as the building in which the characters played by stars Jack Lemmon, Shirley MacLaine, and Fred MacMurray work.[103][104] The building was also a filming location in the thriller Mirage (1965), with Gregory Peck and Diane Baker.[105]

See also

edit

References

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ The eastern side of Bowling Green is composed of Broadway (north of the former intersection of Marketfield Street) and Whitehall Street (south of that intersection).[2]
  2. ^ Clockwise from south, the block runs for:
    • 210 feet (64 m) on Stone Street
    • 308 feet (94 m) on Bowling Green
    • 154 feet (47 m) on Beaver Street
    • 97 feet (30 m) on New Street
    • 170 feet (52 m) on Marketfield Street
    • 38 feet (12 m) on Broad Street[3][4]
  3. ^ The structure would have been fourth largest after the Empire State Building, the Socony–Mobil Building, and the Equitable Building.[34]
  4. ^ The increased cost included $180 million for system and interior renovations, $190 million for furnishings, and over $60 million for financing fees.[85]

Citations

edit
  1. ^ a b c d "2 Broadway". Emporis. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ a b c d "2 Broadway, 10004". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Skyscraper Planned for 2 Broadway". New York Herald Tribune. October 2, 1953. p. 6. ProQuest 1322354737.
  4. ^ a b c d e "A New Skyscraper to Rise Downtown; First in 20 Years Will Have 30 Stories on Bowling Green Site of Old Produce Exchange". The New York Times. October 2, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  5. ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Lower Manhattan" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  6. ^ King, Moses, ed. (1893). King's Handbook of New York City (2nd ed.). Boston: Moses King. p. 794.
  7. ^ a b Gray, Christopher (August 21, 2014). "A Brick Beauty Bites the Dust". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
  8. ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 170.
  9. ^ a b c d White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  10. ^ Duggan, Dennis (September 30, 1962). "Apartment Space Is Smaller, but Offices Have Expanded: Designers Alter Face of New York" (PDF). The New York Times. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  11. ^ a b Haskell 1959, p. 105.
  12. ^ a b c d e Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 173.
  13. ^ Stern, Walter H. (March 20, 1960). "City's Proposed Resolution Prescribes Maximum Bulk of New Structures to Preserve Open Space; But Realty Interests Protest That Plan Would Lower Land Values and Inhibit Construction Proposed Zoning Code Would Limit Building Density" (PDF). The New York Times. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  14. ^ a b Haskell 1959, p. 104.
  15. ^ a b c Horsley, Carter B. (November 30, 1975). "In Glass Walls, a Reflected City Stands Beside the Real One: In Glass Walls, a Reflected City Emerges". The New York Times. p. 30. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 120190548.
  16. ^ "Skyscraper Gets Mural in Mosaic". The New York Times. August 16, 1959. p. R5. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 114713687.
  17. ^ Williams, Reba White (2001). "The Prints of Lee Krasner". Print Quarterly. Vol. 18, no. 4. pp. 396–413. ISSN 0265-8305. JSTOR 41826272.
  18. ^ Raven, Arlene (1989). Art in the Public Interest. Criticism. UMI Research Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8357-1970-4.
  19. ^ a b c Oser, Alan S. (November 3, 1999). "Commercial Real Estate; M.T.A. Starts Big Move Downtown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  20. ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 170, 173.
  21. ^ Ennis, Thomas W. (October 1, 1961). "Big Building Room Cited Downtown: Financial District Will Soon Have More Office Space Than Any City in Nation". The New York Times. p. R6. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115508686.
  22. ^ "The MTA Network". MTA. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  23. ^ a b Neuhauser, Alan (June 27, 2013). "MTA's Madison Avenue Headquarters to Make Way for Luxury Developments". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  24. ^ a b c Bartnett, Edmond J. (March 19, 1961). "Keeping a Skyscraper Clean Is a Job That Goes On Around the Clock". The New York Times. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115261266.
  25. ^ "Office Builders Add Landscaping: Commercial Area Beautified by Greenery Planted in Adjacent Public Spaces". The New York Times. December 13, 1959. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 114853863.
  26. ^ Lawson, Carol (November 17, 1978). "Visiting Fossils — the Oldest. Residents of the City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  27. ^ "Tenants Take Title". New York Herald Tribune. October 6, 1953. p. 29. ProQuest 1319948244.
  28. ^ "Skyscraper to Replace Old Produce Exchange Building in New York: Property Is Leased to Two Realty Investors Who Plan $25 Million Structure on Site". The Wall Street Journal. October 2, 1953. p. 11. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132057868.
  29. ^ Timoner, Vic (November 20, 1953). "Harbor Lights". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 6. Retrieved February 28, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  30. ^ "Wall St. area cheered by plans for new skyscraper" (PDF). Architectural Forum. Vol. 99. October 1953. p. 74.
  31. ^ a b "Produce Exchange's Building To Be Razed". New York Herald Tribune. May 8, 1956. p. 18. ProQuest 1325259064.
  32. ^ Bareuther, David G. (September 2, 1956). "World's Most Valuable Land, 15 Million an Acre, Re-Found". Democrat and Chronicle. p. 3. Retrieved March 3, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  33. ^ "Land Deal Made by Produce Mart; Contract Signed on Lease of Exchange's Ground for New Office Building" (PDF). The New York Times. May 29, 1956. p. 42. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  34. ^ a b "Name Designers For 2 Broadway". New York Herald Tribune. August 6, 1956. p. B4. ProQuest 1327015953.
  35. ^ "Produce Mart Moves". New York Daily News. January 28, 1957. p. 130. Retrieved February 28, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  36. ^ Asbury, Edith Evans (January 28, 1957). "Exchange Moved in Week-end Push: Shift of Produce Trading to 42 Broadway Is Speeded to Permit Reopening Today 6,000 Miles of Wire Moved Market for All Grains" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 47. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  37. ^ "Displacing Produce Exchange" (PDF). The New York Times. February 14, 1957. p. 37. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  38. ^ "Uris Project Begun". New York Herald Tribune. February 19, 1957. p. B6. ProQuest 1326291729.
  39. ^ Callahan, John P. (July 7, 1957). "New Construction Is Changing The Face of Financial District; The Demand for Office Space Speeds Construction in the Financial District". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  40. ^ "Downtown Skyscraper Nearly Ready". The New York Times. April 26, 1959. p. R6. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 114918294.
  41. ^ a b Fowler, Elizabeth M. (September 12, 1959). "Brokers 'Corner' No. 2 Broadway; Financial Houses Are Most Numerous Tenants of New Office Building" (PDF). The New York Times. pp. 25, 29. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  42. ^ "Agent Finds Office Space Scarce Here: Recession Hurt Larger Projects". New York Herald Tribune. March 29, 1959. p. 1C. ProQuest 114918294.
  43. ^ Auerbach, George (November 22, 1959). "Old Produce Market Was Never Like This; Exchange Is Moving to New Quarters at Familiar Site" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  44. ^ Maidenberg, H. j (March 21, 1965). "Produce Exchange: A Grand Lady With Few Suitors; Dressed Up Produce Exchange Now Ponders Where It Can Go" (PDF). The New York Times. pp. 178, 214. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  45. ^ "Downtown Office Moved By Cushman & Wakefield" (PDF). The New York Times. October 10, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  46. ^ "Building at 2 Broadway Gets Bank as Tenant" (PDF). The New York Times. September 28, 1957. p. 28. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  47. ^ "First National City Of New York to Rent In 2 Broadway Building". The Wall Street Journal. September 27, 1957. p. 13. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132325233.
  48. ^ "3 Floors Leased in New Building: Utility Gets 100,000 Sq. Ft. At 2 Broadway -- Other Business Space Rentals" (PDF). The New York Times. October 3, 1958. p. 48. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  49. ^ "Accountants Get Downtown Space; Haskins & Sells Lease Two Floors at 2 Broadway -- Other Rental Deals" (PDF). The New York Times. October 1, 1957. p. 38. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  50. ^ "Haskins & Sells Lease Big Area". New York Herald Tribune. October 1, 1957. p. A9. ProQuest 1325283395.
  51. ^ "Floor Is Leased at Canada House; Hallmark Cards Takes Space in Building Now Going Up -- Other Rental Deals" (PDF). The New York Times. October 15, 1957. p. 55. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  52. ^ "Broadway Area Taken By Moore-McCormack". New York Herald Tribune. January 2, 1958. p. 24. ProQuest 1323841316.
  53. ^ Horsley, Carter B. (July 4, 1976). "The Corporation as Landlord and Tenant: Landlord and Tenant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  54. ^ "Produce Exchange Dissolved Into Realty Business Trust". The Wall Street Journal. May 29, 1973. p. 31. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 133822190.
  55. ^ "Produce Exchange Switch To Realty Trust Is Voted". The Wall Street Journal. January 24, 1973. p. 10. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 133809342.
  56. ^ a b Oser, Alan S. (October 26, 1977). "About Real Estate: Canadian Company Becomes a Big City Landlord". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  57. ^ Horsley, Carter B. (May 21, 1976). "Lefrak Seeking to Buy 10 Sites". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  58. ^ "Canadians buy 7 Manhattan buildings". Democrat and Chronicle. March 28, 1977. p. 2. Retrieved March 5, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  59. ^ Oser, Alan S. (December 10, 1980). "Real Estate; Canadian Developer's U.S. Role". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  60. ^ a b Metz, Robert (December 14, 1983). "Patience is a virtue that can pay off handsomely". New York Daily News. p. 106. Retrieved March 5, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  61. ^ Metz, Robert (April 15, 1982). "Market Place; PERT's Fight With Tenant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  62. ^ Meagher, James P. (June 14, 1982). "The Reawakening of the REITs". Barron's National Business and Financial Weekly. p. 16. ProQuest 350717836.
  63. ^ Lush, Patricia (May 17, 1983). "Olympia and York unit faces huge rent increase in Manhattan". The Globe and Mail. p. B7. ProQuest 386496957.
  64. ^ Lush, Patricia (November 26, 1983). "Olympia, York's U.S. unit may buy property of trust". The Globe and Mail. p. B2. ProQuest 38639114.
  65. ^ "Produce Exchange Liquidation". The Wall Street Journal. November 28, 1983. p. 10. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 134774077.
  66. ^ Monroe, Ann (March 21, 1984). "Olympia & York Completes a Mortgage Of 3 New York Buildings for $970 Million". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 397899454.
  67. ^ Meagher, James P. (March 26, 1984). "The Ground Floor: "Megadeal" Week: O&Y's $1 Billion Loan". Barron's National Business and Financial Weekly. p. 60. ProQuest 350761297.
  68. ^ "World's biggest landlord seeks court help". Press and Sun-Bulletin. May 17, 1992. p. 53. Retrieved March 5, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  69. ^ a b Arena, Michael; Fee, Walter (October 21, 1992). "Olympia Hoped for City Thunderbolts Firm denies push on lease". Newsday. p. 25. ProQuest 278533252.
  70. ^ a b c Slatin, Peter (August 23, 1995). "Real Estate; A symbol of Manhattan's struggling downtown office market is being sold for $20.5 million". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  71. ^ "Saying Farewell to an Old Friend". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 26, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  72. ^ Spellen, Suzanne (January 16, 2013). "Building of the Day: 370 Jay Street". Brownstoner. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  73. ^ Grant, Peter (April 4, 1994). "ZAR builds well-timed buys into real estate empire". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 10, no. 14. p. 1. ProQuest 219178045.
  74. ^ a b "O&Y creditors to sell N.Y. office tower Buyer is group of international investors". The Globe and Mail. August 11, 1995. p. B4. ProQuest 385022738.
  75. ^ Gilpin, Kenneth N. (July 1, 1994). "Olympia & York in Accord On 3 Manhattan Buildings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  76. ^ a b c d Feldman, Amy (October 20, 1997). "ZAR builds well-timed buys into real estate empire". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 13, no. 42. p. 3. ProQuest 219178244.
  77. ^ a b c Bagli, Charles V. (August 9, 2000). "Brass Knuckles Over 2 Broadway; M.T.A. and Landlord Are Fighting It Out Over Rent and Renovations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  78. ^ a b Grant, Peter (December 17, 1998). "Random House eyes Ross site for new HQ". New York Daily News. p. 1313. Retrieved March 6, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  79. ^ Oser, Alan S. (August 3, 1997). "Downtown Is Looking Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  80. ^ "2 Broadway to Get A Major Makeover". The New York Times. June 29, 1997. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  81. ^ Feldman, Amy (November 10, 1997). "MTA on track for downtown location". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 13, no. 45. p. 3. ProQuest 219177065.
  82. ^ "Metro News Briefs: New York City; M.T.A. Leases Building in Lower Manhattan". The New York Times. August 1, 1998. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  83. ^ Grant, Peter (July 30, 1998). "Workers bound for Broadway". New York Daily News. p. 39. Retrieved September 3, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  84. ^ Strassel, Kimberly A. (October 20, 1999). "Plots & Ploys". The Wall Street Journal. p. B12. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398830913.
  85. ^ a b c d Bagli, Charles V. (May 29, 2002). "Sweet Deal for M.T.A. Home Turns Sour, Beset by Cost Overruns and Indictments". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  86. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (August 15, 1999). "Latest Construction Bottleneck: Shortage of Skilled Workers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  87. ^ a b Neuman, William (May 5, 2003). "Building Blockheads – MTA's HQ Renovation $300m Over Budget". New York Post. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  88. ^ Blood, Michael R. (May 14, 2003). "MTA cans 2 who ran security". New York Daily News. p. 14. Retrieved March 6, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  89. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (September 16, 2004). "M.T.A. Project Rocked Anew by Mafia Link". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  90. ^ a b Flynn, Kevin; Lambert, Bruce; Bagli, Charles V. (May 10, 2003). "Law Firm Got Big M.T.A. Fees In Troubled Job". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  91. ^ Barron, James (November 6, 2003). "M.T.A. Agrees To Settle Suits With Manager Of 2 Broadway". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  92. ^ Croghan, Lore (November 6, 2003). "MTA, ZAR Accord; Settle suits in 2 Broadway cost overruns". New York Daily News. p. 64. Retrieved March 6, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  93. ^ a b c Sanchez, Ray (July 14, 2003). "NYC Transit's 'Madhouse'". Newsday. p. A02. ProQuest 279650926.
  94. ^ a b "Alleged corruption delays MTA project". Poughkeepsie Journal. June 15, 2003. pp. 12A. Retrieved March 6, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon .
  95. ^ Gelinas, Nicole; Anderson, Brian C.; Donald, Heather Mac; Malanga, Steven; Gelinas, Nicole; Siegel, Fred (December 23, 2015). "How to Save the Subways—Before It's Too Late". City Journal. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  96. ^ a b c Bagli, Charles V. (April 21, 2011). "M.T.A. Is Planning to Sell Its Midtown Headquarters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  97. ^ a b Grossman, Andrew (March 23, 2011). "To Raise Cash, MTA May Sell Some Buildings". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  98. ^ Guse, Clayton (April 2, 2020). "MTA cuts deal to make $1 billion off old transit HQ building". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  99. ^ Burton, Paul (February 26, 2016). "N.Y. MTA HQ Lease in Holding Pattern Over City Concerns". The Bond Buyer. ProQuest 1768612661.
  100. ^ Barron, James (June 28, 2023). "The M.T.A. Does Not Have a Property Empire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  101. ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 173–174.
  102. ^ Huxtable, Ada Louise (1986). The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered: The Search for a Skyscraper Style. Pantheon Books. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-394-74154-3.
  103. ^ "The Apartment Film Locations - [otsoNY.com]". On the Set of New York. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  104. ^ "Love & Sex on the Upper West Side: The Filming Locations of The Apartment". Scouting NY. February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  105. ^ "Mirage Film Locations". On the Set of New York. Retrieved March 6, 2021.

Sources

edit
edit
Listen to this article (3 minutes)
Spoken Wikipedia icon 
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 30 October 2018 (2018-10-30), and does not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help · More spoken articles)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2_Broadway&oldid=1242757907"