A review on Autism Spectrum Disorder Genetics

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that encompass autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger’s disorder. Some signs and symptoms are common in people diagnosed with ASD. Not all people with ASD will have all of these behaviors, but most of them will be appeared in autism people. Social communication and social interaction behaviors may be changed in ASD. Some behaviors are restricted, and even ASD people maybe have some strengths. Various single gene disorders, such as tuberous sclerosis, Timothy syndrome neurofibromatosis, X-linked Rett syndrome, and fragile X syndrome, are linked to autism. Additionally, syndromic conditions like Sotos, Noonan, Moebius, Cohen, De Lange, Joubert, myotonic dystrophy, and oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum, as well as PTEN gene disturbances, are associated with autism. Environmental factors, including parental age, perinatal factors, sex steroids, maternal health, maternal nutrition, fetal exposure to substances, alcohol, smoking, maternal diseases, and infections, are also known to contribute to Autism Spectrum Disorder. The manifestations of ASD differ among syndromes, with some having a higher prevalence compared to the general population.