Advancements in Manufacturing ۳D Polymer Scaffolds: Scaffold Types and Fabrication Strategies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This article explores the advancements in the manufacturing of three-dimensional (۳D) polymer scaffolds, crucial for tissue engineering applications. Focused on scaffold types such as porous, fibrous, hydrogel, microsphere, and cell-free variants, it discusses their specific roles and advantages in tissue regeneration. Additionally, the article delves into various fabrication strategies, including electrospinning and ۳D printing, which tailor scaffold properties to meet diverse biomedical needs. By incorporating bioactive molecules, such as growth factors, peptides, and extracellular matrix components, researchers are enhancing the scaffold's ability to mimic the native tissue microenvironment and promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Moreover, biopolymer scaffolds can provide mechanical strength, interconnected porosity, surface chemistry alterations, and unique geometries for direct tissue reconstruction. Tissue repair in these endeavors is essential to serve as a ۳D template for tissue regeneration. These approaches are paving the way for enhanced tissue integration and functionality, presenting a significant leap forward in regenerative medicine.