Nanomaterials Applications in Biosensors: a Review

A biosensor device is characterized by its biological that possesses unique specificities towardscorresponding analytes. These analytes typically originate from biological sources such as bacterial or viralDNAs, as well as proteins derived from the immune system (e.g., antibodies, antigens) of infected orcontaminated organisms. Additionally, analytes may include simple molecules like glucose or pollutants,provided that a biological receptor unit with specific affinity is present. A key challenge in biosensoradvancement is ensuring the effective capture of signals from the biological recognition event. Varioustransducers are employed to convert the analyte's interaction with the biological component intoelectrochemical, electrochemiluminescent, magnetic, gravimetric, or optical signals. Recently, biosensorsmade of nanoparticles (NPs) have gained very high popularity due to their excellent applications in nearly allthe fields of science and technology. To enhance sensitivities and reduce detection limits, including down toindividual molecules, nanomaterials show promise due to their ability to immobilize a greater quantity ofbioreceptor units in smaller volumes and potentially serve as the transduction element themselves. This reviewdiscusses a range of nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, carbonnanotubes, nanodiamonds, and graphene nanostructured materials, currently being researched or utilized forbiosensor applications.