New Caledonia (French: Nouvelle-Calédonie) is a dependent overseas territory of France lying in the western Pacific Ocean, in the Coral Sea, to the east of Australia and west of Vanuatu. The territory consists of the main island of Grande Terre, the archipelago of the Loyalty Islands (Îles Loyauté), and numerous small, sparsely populated islands and atolls.

New Caledonia offers beaches, mountaintop fondue in chalets, camping, amazing snorkelling and diving, and fabulous French food.

• -22.266667166.451 Nouméa — the capital, and the only city of any size.
• -21.566667165.4833332 Bourail — a farming town.
• -22.283333166.5833333 Le Mont-Dore – the collectivity's second largest settlement right next to Nouméa
• Mueo
• Port Bousie
• -21.616667166.2166674 Thio – lovely quiet town in northeastern Grand Terre
• -20.45166.65 Ouvéa – one of the Loyalty Islands, rich in Kanak culture

• -22.109166.661 Blue River Provincial Park

Capital	Noumea
Currency	CFP Franc (XPF)
Population	278.5 thousand (2017)
Electricity	220 volt / 50 hertz (Europlug, Schuko)
Country code	+687
Time zone	UTC+11:00
Emergencies	112
Driving side	right
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New Caledonia is a collectivité d'outre-mer of France with a special status which allows it to have its own laws and its own government in anticipation of becoming completely independent. New Caledonia sets its own rules for everything except for national defence and foreign policy, which are set by the French government.

The people of New Caledonia are split into 5 major groups:

• The Kanaks, Melanesian inhabitants of New Caledonia. They were here long before the Europeans and many of them still live outside of Nouméa in tribes. The traditional authority of the tribal chiefs is legal and recognised by French law.
• The Caldoches, descendants of European and North African prisoners and settlers, including some families that have lived in New Caledonia for more than 100 years.
• People from metropolitan France and other French overseas territories, locally called "zoreils". They are mostly newcomers and are here only to work in Nouméa for a few years.
• Asians, descendants of those who came to work in the nickel mines of New Caledonia about a century ago. Most are Vietnamese, Chinese, or Indonesian.
• Polynesians, people from French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna, who are mostly living in Nouméa for work. As French citizens, they can move freely between New Caledonia and the other two French territories, although this has slowed down due to the pandemic.

Since the events of Ouvéa cave hostage-taking in 1988, there has been a political movement towards more autonomy in New Caledonia; New Caledonia is listed on the UN list of non-self-governing territories. Referendums in 2018, 2020 and 2021 found a majority opposed to independence.

History

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Settled by both Britain and France during the first half of the 19th century, the island became a French possession in 1853. It served as a penal colony for four decades after 1864.

The islands have been an overseas territory of France since 1956. Simmering tensions betwee the native Kanaks and French settlers over the questions of independence and property rights burst into sporadic violence between 1976 and 1988, known euphemistically as "The Events" (Les Événements). The grim climax was the Ouvea hostage crisis of 1988, when armed Kanak independence activists took a group of local gendarmes hostage, leading to a violent firefight that saw a total of 25 people killed.

The subsequent 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands formally under French law and brought a measure of peace and stability to the islands. Referenda on independence were held in 2018 and 2020, with the majority of voters opposing independence; a final confirmatory referendum took place in December 2021, and they chose to remain a part of France, although this was boycotted by much of the opposition. However, proposed changes to allow more French residents to vote in local elections again led to violent riots in 2024, with 9 people killed.

Climate

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New Caledonia has a semi-tropical climate, modified by southeast trade winds. It is often hot and humid in January and February. The islands are subject to tropical cyclones, most frequent from November to March. During winter (April to August) the daytime temperature is around 22°C. The water may still be warm, but it often feels too cool to really want to go swimming.

The official language is French though most locals speak New Caledonian patois, and it is difficult to find English speakers outside of Nouméa except where a few pockets of English speakers are left amongst the elderly in the north-east. Some of the indigenous Melanesians is speak various Austronesian languages, but these are in general endangered. In Nouméa, French, English, and Japanese are widely spoken at hotels, restaurants, and shops. To enjoy a place like this, you should really endeavour to learn some French or the local languages.

A number of items are restricted by customs and biosecurity regulations. Consult the official flyer^{[dead link]} (in French) for more information.

New Caledonia is not part of the Schengen Area or the European Union and controls its own immigration. This means that travelling between Metropolitan France and New Caledonia will involve border inspections. Everybody except citizens of France needs a passport to visit New Caledonia. French citizens may enter New Caledonia and stay indefinitely with only a valid ID card with no restrictions including on employment, though in practice a passport is usually required because flying to New Caledonia from Metropolitan France requires a connection in either Japan or Singapore.

Non-French European Union citizens may enter and stay in New Caledonia indefinitely without a visa, provided their passport is valid for at least 3 months beyond their planned departure date, but may not work in New Caledonia unless they have a work permit. Citizens of non-European Union countries who do not need a visa to visit France may visit New Caledonia without a visa for up to 3 months provided their passport is valid for at least 3 months beyond their planned departure date, and they have a return ticket, proof of funds to cover their stay, travel insurance with a minimum coverage of €30,000, and proof of purpose of stay (e.g. confirmation of hotel bookings if you are a tourist).

If you need a visa to visit France, Schengen visas for Metropolitan France are not valid for travel to New Caledonia. You will need to obtain a separate visa for New Caledonia from a French diplomatic mission.

Forget about Google Maps, it is grossly incomplete in New Caledonia and often wrong. OpenStreetMap is a much better option.

By car

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See also: Driving in New Caledonia

Renting your own car is a reasonable option for a larger group and is the only sensible option if you plan on exploring anywhere off the beaten track. The usual suspects have offices at La Tontouta Airport, as does local chain Point Rouge. Most cars are manual, so book ahead if you want an automatic.

New Caledonia follows French traffic laws, so driving is on the right. Around Nouméa, roads are generally good quality if narrow, and there is a free expressway covering most of the way from La Tontouta Airport to Mont-Doré south of Nouméa. However, in the countryside (brousse), potholed or unpaved tracks on twisty mountainsides filled with speeding ore trucks are all too common, and driving at night is to be avoided at all costs. Around celebrations there are many drunk drivers on the roads, so take care.

• Tjibaou Cultural Centre, a gift from the French Government. The architect was Renzo Piano, an Italian architect.
• Botanical garden
• Wandering along the waterfront in Nouméa - Baie des Citrons and Anse Vata.
• The New Caledonia Barrier Reef — listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, it encircles both the Grande Terre and Île des Pins and also known as the New Caledonia Lagoon.

Food is one of the highlights of New Caledonia: being a part of France, French cuisine is available everywhere and is generally of a very high standard. However, eating out costs a pretty penny: a full dinner for two in a touristy place with beach views or a hotel restaurant can easily set you back 10,000 F.

To cut costs, look out for snacks (budget restaurants), which serve a limited but cheap menu of hot sandwiches like croque madame (ham, cheese and egg toast) and heartier Asian-influenced favourites like porc au sucre (pork in a sweet soy-based sauce) with rice or in a half baguette, usually for less than 1,000 F. Local bakeries (boulangeries) and crêperies are also a good option for cheap eats on the go.

The cheapest way to go is self-catering. The contents of most supermarkets are largely imported from France, which means there's an amazing selection of cheese and meats, but at a price. A cheaper option is visiting the local market (marché), which will have local produce and fresh seafood like tuna, shrimp and crab, but opening hours are limited (weekend mornings are often your best bet).

Try kava. You can recognise a kava bar by a red light outside and dim lighting inside. It is about 100 F compared to 500 F for a beer, so about a fifth of the price. You drink the kava immediately once you've purchased it and then go off to a dark bench to relax.

There are many places around New Caledonia that are affordable and in good condition. All you have to do is search around and you will find somewhere to sleep within your price range.

Unless you are a French citizen, you will need a work permit to work in New Caledonia. Although non-French EU citizens are permitted to stay in New Caledonia indefinitely as tourists, they are still required to obtain work permits if they want to work.

Similar to other Pacific island nations, New Caledonia is largely a conservative Christian society, with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination in New Caledonia. The vast majority of shops and businesses will be closed on Sundays, when virtually everyone will be at church. Unfortunately, with the exception of Nouméa and the tourist areas, same-sex marriage is not widely accepted. Dress codes also tend to be conservative.

Just as in Metropolitan France, when approaching people, be sure to always begin the conversation with a "bonjour" (in the day) or "bonsoir" (at night). It is fairly common for the local Melanesian people to greet others in the street, and you should always return the greeting; not doing so will come across as very rude. Be sure to keep a respectful distance (roughly the distance of a handshake) when interacting with people; getting too close will make people feel uncomfortable. Outside of the tourist beaches, you should always dress conservatively and avoid revealing clothing, or you will be seen as very disrespectful otherwise.

Be sure to follow the tradition of la coutume when visiting tribal lands. This means that you should always introduce yourself to the chief first, and bring a small gift with you as a sign of respect. Likewise, if you are invited to visit a tribal home, be sure to bring a small gift for the host family.

The independence movement is a sensitive issue, and New Caledonian society is deeply divided on this, largely along ethnic lines; while the majority of the indigenous Kanaks desire independence from France, this is largely opposed by most non-indigenous New Caledonians. As a visitor, you are highly advised to avoid this topic.

New Caledonia is fairly safe, but it is wise to take the following precautions:

• When snorkelling, avoid contact with sea urchins, which are often poisonous, and coral structures, which can cause scrapes that swell badly and take a long time to heal.
• Sea kraits (tricot rayé) are commonly seen in shallow lagoons and have a potentially lethal venom. However, bites are rare since they are not aggressive when left alone and only attack when threatened.
• There are sharks, some of them quite large, though Great White Sharks are rare. Avoid shark attacks by:
  • Not carrying fish that you have caught (and may be bleeding) while in the water
  • Facing the shark, so that to the shark you appear large, vertical and difficult to bite
• There are no crocodiles native to New Caledonia. Rogue individuals have been observed on the island no more than twice within the past 200 years, probably swept out from the Solomon Islands.

Iodine or a similar disinfectant is invaluable to fight off small infections, which quite commonly occur in most sores and scratches.

Some mosquitoes carry the dengue fever virus. There is no vaccination for this, so it is important to prevent mosquito bites to the extent possible. Consult a doctor for more information, and see the Wikivoyage article.

There is exactly one mobile operator in New Caledonia, OPT, which is also the only fixed line phone operator, only Internet service provider and only one postal service.

OPT has exactly one prepaid plan, Liberté. As of July 2017, the SIM costs 6,195 F, which includes 3,000 F of credit. All local calls 44.10 F/min, while SMS are 12/42 F to local/international numbers.

With this plan, you can also purchase Internet data for 90 F for one hour/100 MB, social networks free, or 400 F for 24 hours/200 MB. All this works out to US$60 for 3.3 GB, or around US$20/GB. Gulp!