Tshekardocoleidae
| Tshekardocoleidae Temporal range:
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| Fossil and life restoration of Moravocoleus permianus | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | †Protocoleoptera |
| Family: | †Tshekardocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1944 |
| Genera | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Tshekardocoleidae is an extinct family of stem group beetles, known from the Permian. They represent some of the earliest known beetles. They first appeared during the Cisuralian, before becoming extinct at the beginning of the Guadalupian.[2] A claimed Jurassic record is doubtful.[1] Like other primitive beetles, they are thought to have been xylophagous.[2] The oldest known beetle, Coleopsis, was originally assigned to this family, but is now assigned to its own family Coleopsidae.[1]
The Tshekardocoleidae are thought to have retained several plesiomorphies (ancestral characters) of Coleoptera in a broad sense. For instance, their elytra are flattened, lack epipleura (outer margins), cover the body loosely, and their tips extend beyond the apex of the abdomen. Their abdomens have a nearly cylindrical shape and are thought to have been flexible, apparently being able to strongly contract and expand. In extant beetles, the elytra are tight-fitting, forming a subelytral space which is absent in Tshekardocoleidae.[3]
Taxonomy
[edit]
Kirejtshuk (2020) included the following genera in Tshekardocoleidae[1]
- †Avocoleus Ponomarenko, 1969 – Obora site (Permian Sakmarian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Moravia, Czech Republic
- †Avocoleus fractus (Kukalová, 1969) (Type species)
- †Avocoleus neglegens (Kukalová, 1969)
- †Boscoleus Kukalová, 1969 – Obora site (Permian Sakmarian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Moravia, Czech Republic
- †Boscoleus blandus Kukalová, 1969 (Type species)
- †Eocoleus Kukalová, 1969 – Obora site (Permian Sakmarian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Moravia, Czech Republic
- †Eocoleus scaber Kukalová, 1969 (Type species)
- †Moravocoleus Kukalová, 1969 – Obora site (Permian Sakmarian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Moravia, Czech Republic
- †Moravocoleus permianus Kukalová, 1969 (Type species)
- †Permocoleus Lubkin & Engel, 2005 – Midco Member (Permian, Artinskian 290.1 to 279.3 Ma); Noble County, Oklahoma, USA
- †Permocoleus wellingtoniensis Lubkin & Engel, 2005 (Type species)
- †Prosperocoleus Kukalová, 1969 – Obora site (Permian Sakmarian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Moravia, Czech Republic
- †Prosperocoleus prosperus Kukalová, 1969 (Type species)
- †Retelytron Kukalová, 1965 – Obora site (Permian Sakmarian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Moravia, Czech Republic
- †Retelytron conopeum Kukalová, 1965 (Type species)
- †Sylvacoleodes Ponomarenko, 1963 – Tshekarda site (Permian Kungurian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Suksun, Perm Krai, Russia
- †Sylvacoleodes admirandus Ponomarenko, 1963 (Type species)
- †Sylvacoleus Ponomarenko, 1963 – Tshekarda site (Permian Kungurian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Suksun, Perm Krai, Russia
- †Sylvacoleus richteri Ponomarenko, 1963 (Type species)
- †Sylvacoleus sharovi Ponomarenko, 1963
- †Tshekardocoleus Rohdendorf, 1944 – Tshekarda site (Permian Kungurian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Suksun, Perm Krai, Russia
- †Tshekardocoleus magnus Rohdendorf, 1944 (Type species)
- †Tshekardocoleus minor Ponomarenko, 1963
- †Umoricoleus Kukalová, 1969 – Obora site (Permian Sakmarian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Moravia, Czech Republic
- †Umoricoleus perplex Kukalová, 1969 (Type species)
- †Votocoleus Kukalová, 1969 – Obora site (Permian Sakmarian 295 to 290.1 Ma); Moravia, Czech Republic
- †Votocoleus submissus Kukalová, 1969 (Type species)
The genus Uralocoleus had been placed in the family by some authors, but the type species Uralocoleus splendens Zalessky 1947 was considered incertae sedis by Kirejtshuk (2020), as the type specimen is in bad condition and cannot be reliably compared with other members of the family, and the second species placed in the genus "Uralocoleus" ultimus was rejected from placement in Uralocoleus and listed as "genus incertus" ultimus Ponomarenko, 2000, because it was based on an isolated elytron that could either belong to a beetle or a cockroach.[1] The genus Dictyocoleus, described from the Jurassic and containing only the type species Dictyocoleus jurassicus Hong, 1982, was originally placed in the family but was excluded by Kirejtshuk (2020).[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Kirejtshuk, Alexander G. (2020-02-17). "Taxonomic Review of Fossil Coleopterous Families (Insecta, Coleoptera). Suborder Archostemata: Superfamilies Coleopseoidea and Cupedoidea". Geosciences. 10 (2): 73. Bibcode:2020Geosc..10...73K. doi:10.3390/geosciences10020073. ISSN 2076-3263.
- ^ a b Zhao, Xianye; Yu, Yilun; Clapham, Matthew E; Yan, Evgeny; Chen, Jun; Jarzembowski, Edmund A; Zhao, Xiangdong; Wang, Bo (2021-11-08). Perry, George H; Fikacek, Martin (eds.). "Early evolution of beetles regulated by the end-Permian deforestation". eLife. 10: e72692. doi:10.7554/eLife.72692. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 8585485. PMID 34747694.
- ^ Boudinot, Brendon Elias; Yan, Evgeny Viktorovich; Prokop, Jakub; Luo, Xiao-Zhu; Beutel, Rolf Georg (2022-07-28). "Permian parallelisms: Reanalysis of †Tshekardocoleidae sheds light on the earliest evolution of the Coleoptera". Systematic Entomology. 48: 69–96. doi:10.1111/syen.12562. ISSN 0307-6970. S2CID 251171914.