Púca

Depiction of the Pwca in Wirt Sikes's book *British Goblins: Welsh Folk-lore, Fairy Mythology, Legends and Traditions*, 1880

The púca (Irish for spirit/ghost; plural púcaí), puca (Old English for goblin) pwca, pookah, phouka, puck is a creature of Celtic, English, and Channel Islands folklore. Considered to be bringers both of good and bad fortune, they could help or hinder rural and marine communities. Púcaí can have dark or white fur or hair. The creatures were said to be shape-changers that could take the appearance of horses, goats, cats, dogs, and hares. They may also take a human form, which includes various animal features, such as ears or a tail.

Etymology and analogues

The origin of the name is debated, with some theorising that it originated in the Irish language, but with a different spelling as there was no p sound in Primitive Irish. It appears, from place name evidence, to have been in use as early as the 8th century. Since it is a 'cultural' rather than a practical word that might be used in trading, it is thought to reflect greater cultural contact between Celtic and Germanic cultures in the early medieval period than had been thought.^[1]

The púca has counterparts throughout the Celtic and Germanic cultures of Northwest Europe. For instance, in Scandinavian languages, we find, according to the OED, "Old Icelandic púki mischievous demon, the Devil, Faroese púki, Norwegian (originally and chiefly regional) puke devil, evil spirit, mischievous person,^{[citation needed]} Old Swedish puke devil, evil spirit, Swedish (now chiefly regional) puke evil spirit, devil, goblin), Old Danish puge evil spirit". In Welsh mythology, it is named the pwca and in Cornish the Bucca (thus being related in etymology and milieu to the bugaboo).^[2] In the Channel Islands, the pouque were said to be fairies who lived near ancient stones; in Norman French of the Islands (e.g. Jèrriais), a cromlech, or prehistoric tomb, is referred to as a pouquelée or pouquelay(e); poulpiquet and polpegan are corresponding terms in Brittany.^[3]^[4]

Nature of the púca

The púca may be regarded as being either menacing or beneficial. Fairy mythologist Thomas Keightley said "notions respecting it are very vague", and in a brief description gives an account collected by Croker from a boy living near Killarney that "old people used to say that the Pookas were very numerous ... long ago ... , were wicked-minded, black-looking, bad things ... that would come in the form of wild colts, with chains hanging about them", and that did much to harm unwary travellers.^[5] Also, little bad boys and girls were warned not to eat overripe blackberries, because this was a sign that the pooka has entered them.^[6]

One theme of the púca's folklore is their proclivity for mischief. They are commonly said to entice humans to take a ride on their back, giving the rider a wild and terrifying journey before dropping the unlucky person back at the place they were taken from. This lore bears similarities to other Irish folk creatures, such as the daoine maithe (good people) or the slua sí (fairy host), said to target humans on the road or along their regular "passes". These human encounters of the púca tend to occur in rural, isolated places, far from settlements or homes.^[7]

While púca stories can be found across northern Europe, Irish tales specify a protective measure for encountering a púca. It is said that the rider may be able to take control of the púca by wearing sharp spurs, using those to prevent being taken or to steer the creature if already on its back.

A translation of an Irish púca story, "An Buachaill Bó agus an Púca", told by storyteller Seán Ó Cróinín, describes this method of control of the púca as done by a young boy who had been the creature's target once before:

... the farmer asked the lad what had kept him out so late. The lad told him.
"I have spurs," said the farmer. "Put them on you tonight and if he brings you give him the spurs!" And this the lad did. The thing threw him from its back and the lad got back early enough. Within a week the (pooka) was before him again after housing the cows.
"Come to me," said the lad, "so I can get up on your back."
"Have you the sharp things on?" said the animal.
"Certainly," said the lad.
"Oh I won't go near you, then," he said.^[8]

The protective power of the "sharp things", as they are always referred to by the pooka in the tales, may stem from the Irish belief that "cold iron" has the ability to ward off the supernatural.^[7]

In contrast, the púca is represented as being helpful to farmers by Lady Wilde, who relates the following tale. A farmer's son named Padraig one day noticed the invisible presence of the púca brushing by, and called out to him, offering a coat. The púca appeared in the guise of a young bull, and told him to come to the old mill at night. From that time onward, the púca came secretly at night and performed all the work of milling the sacks of corn into flour. Padraig fell asleep the first time, but later concealed himself in a chest to catch sight of them, and later made a present of a fine silk suit. This unexpectedly caused the púca to go off to "see a little of the world" and cease its work. But by then the farmer's wealth allowed him to retire and give his son an education. Later, at Padraig's wedding, the púca left a gift of a golden cup filled with drink that evidently ensured their happiness.^[9]^[a]

Another example of the púca as a benevolent or protective entity comes in tales where the creature intervenes before a terrible accident or before the person is about to happen upon a malevolent fairy or spirit. In several of the regional variants of the stories where the púca is acting as a guardian, the púca identifies itself to the bewildered human. This is particularly noteworthy as it is in contrast to the lore of many other folkloric beings, who guard their identities or names from humans.^[7]

There are stories of some púcaí being blood-thirsty and vampire-like creatures. Other stories even say some are man-eating beings, hunting down, killing, and eating their victims.^{[citation needed]}

Morphology and physiology

According to legend, the púca is a deft shapeshifter, capable of assuming a variety of terrifying or pleasing forms. It can take a human form, but will often have animal features, such as ears or a tail.^[10] As an animal, the púca will most commonly appear as a horse, cat, rabbit, raven, fox, wolf, goat, goblin, or dog. No matter what shape the púca takes, its fur is almost always dark. It most commonly takes the form of a sleek black horse with a flowing mane and luminescent golden eyes.^[11] The Manx glashtyn also takes on human form, but he usually betrays his horse's ears and is analogous to the each uisce.^[12]

If a human is enticed onto a púca's back, it has been known to give them a wild ride; however, unlike a kelpie, which will take its rider and dive into the nearest stream or lake to drown and devour them, the púca will do its rider no real harm. However, according to some folklorists, the only man ever to ride the púca was Brian Boru, High King of Ireland, by using a special bridle incorporating three hairs of the púca's tail. The púca has the power of human speech, and has been known to give advice and lead people away from harm. Though the púca enjoys confusing and often terrifying humans, it is considered to be benevolent.

Agricultural traditions

Certain agricultural traditions surround the púca. It is a creature associated with Samhain, a Goidelic harvest festival, when the last of the crops are brought in. Anything remaining in the fields is considered "puka", or fairy-blasted, and hence inedible. In some locales, reapers leave a small share of the crop, the "púca's share", to placate the hungry creature. Nonetheless, 1 November is the púca's day, and the one day of the year when it can be expected to behave civilly.

At the beginning of November, the púca was known—in some locales—to either defecate or spit on the wild fruits rendering them inedible and unsafe thenceforth.^[13]

Regional variations

In some regions, the púca is spoken of with considerably more respect than fear; if treated with deference, it may actually be beneficial to those who encounter it. The púca is a creature of the mountains and hills, and in those regions there are stories of it appearing on November Day and providing prophecies and warnings to those who consult it.

In some parts of County Down, the púca is manifested as a short, disfigured goblin who demands a share of the harvest; in County Laois, it appears as a monstrous bogeyman, while in Waterford and Wexford the púca appears as an eagle with a huge wingspan and in Roscommon as a black goat.^[14]

Art and popular culture

Shakespeare's 1595 play A Midsummer Night's Dream features the character "Robin Goodfellow," who is also called "sweet Puck," a version of the púca.^[15]

The title character in the 1944 stage play Harvey, later adapted into a 1950 film starring James Stewart, is a six-foot, three-and-a-half-inch (1.92 m) tall rabbit, who is referred to as a "pooka".^[16]^{[better source needed]}

There is a statue of a púca in Ireland. The 2-meter tall bronze sculpture was erected in the Burren at the Michael Cusack Centre in Carron, Co. Clare in 2022.^[17]

In the book Knock Knock Open Wide by Neil Sharpson Puckeen is a children’s show and also the name of a mysterious, magical creature who lives in a black box and is never actually shown, only spoken of. In discussions of the book Sharpson has said that the Puckeen was inspired by tales of the púca.

Explanatory footnotes

^ The contrast between Croker's and Wilde's notions is taken from MacKillop 1998 under "pooka", except mention could not be found in Croker's body of works as MacKillop states, but only via Keightley.

References

^ Sebo 2017
^ MacKillop 1998, "Pooka"
^ Price 1830, pp. 23–24: "These cromlechs, or kistvaens,.. are called in Jersey poquelays, and in Brittany policans & poulpiquets, &c."
^ Loth 1894, pp. 78–80
^ Keightley 1850, p. 371
^ Koch 2006, p. 729
^ ^a ^b ^c Breatnach 1993, pp. 105–110
^ Ó Cróinín & Ó Cróinín 1980, pp. 172–173
^ Wilde 1887, p. 48, Ancient Tales
^ "Mystical Mythology from around the world". Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
^ Yeats 1986, p. 94
^ MacKillop 1998, "Glashtin"
^ Ó hÓgáin 2006, p. 270
^ Curran 1997
^ Wall, Wendy (2001). "Why Does Puck Sweep?: Fairylore, Merry Wives, and Social Struggle". Shakespeare Quarterly. 52 (1): 67–106. doi:10.1353/shq.2001.0021. ISSN 0037-3222. JSTOR 3648647. S2CID 191580811.
^ "Harvey". IMDB. 1950.
^ "'Magnificent' and divisive Puca statue unveiled in The Burren". Carlow Nationalist. 25 June 2022.

Bibliography

Breatnach, Deasún (1993). "The púca: A multi-functional Irish supernatural entity". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 105–110. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715858. JSTOR 1260800.
Curran, Bob (1997). A Field Guide to Irish Fairies. Appletree Press. ISBN 9780862816346. OCLC 38591678.
Keightley, Thomas (1850) [1828]. The Fairy Mythology: Illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of Various Countries (new ed.). H. G. Bohn. OCLC 756580.
Koch, John T., ed. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio. ISBN 9781851094400. OCLC 62381207.
Loth, J. (1894). "le Nain de Kerhuiton". Annales de Bretagne (in French). 10. Plihon.
MacKillop, James (1998). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198691570. OCLC 36817282.
Ó Cróinín, Seán; Ó Cróinín, Donncha (1980). Seanachas Amhlaoibh í Luínse. Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann. ISBN 9780906426043. OCLC 9082739.
Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2006). The Lore of Ireland: An Encyclopedia of Myth, Legend and Romance. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843832157. OCLC 276459820.
Price, Thomas (1 January 1830). "A Tour through Brittany". Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory. 2 (5): 23–43. hdl:10107/2070537.
Sebo, Erin (3 July 2017). "Does OE Puca Have an Irish Origin?". Studia Neophilologica. 89 (2): 167–175. doi:10.1080/00393274.2017.1314773. ISSN 0039-3274. S2CID 164700561.
Wilde, Jane Francesca (1887). "Fairy Help (The Phouka)". Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland. Ward and Downey. OCLC 459021588.
Yeats, W. B. (1986). "Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry". In Booss, Claire (ed.). A Treasury of Irish Myth, Legend, and Folklore. Gramercy Books. ISBN 9780517489048. OCLC 27522771.