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List of Tamil monarchs

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This is a list of ethnically Tamil and predominantly Tamil speaking monarchs, who ruled in Southern India and parts of Sri Lanka and South East Asia. The ancient Tamil monarchy was largely hereditary and supported by numerous chieftains.[1]

Tamil royal titles

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  • Tribhuvana Chakravarti/Chakravarti(Emperor)
  • Perarasi/Mahadevi (Empress)
  • Devar (King)
  • Devi/Nachiyar (Queen)
  • Ko, Arasan, Mannan, Aliyan or Araiyan (King)
  • Arasi (Queen)
  • Ilavarasi or Piratti (Princess)
  • Ilam-Ko or Ilavarasan (Prince)
  • Kuru-nila Mannan or Chittrarasan (Regional King)
  • Chittrarasi (Regional Queen)
  • Andavan (Ruler)

Three Crowned Kings

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Main article: Three Crowned Kings
Tamilakam in the 'Sangam Period.

The three crowned kings known as Muvendar were the traditional three Tamil dynasties that ruled the Tamilakam since the Sangam era.

Pandyan dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1620 CE)

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Main article: Pandyan dynasty
Pandyan Empire at greatest extent

Early Pandyans (c. 6th century BCE – 3rd century CE)

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Main article: Early Pandyan Kingdom

Imperial Pandyans (590–920 CE)

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Pandyans under Chola empire (920–1216 CE)

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Main article: Chola dynasty
  • Sundara Pandyan I (920 CE)
  • Veera Pandyan I
  • Veera Pandyan II
  • Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa
  • Jatavarman Sundara Chola Pandyan
  • Maravarman Vikrama Chola Pandyan
  • Maravarman Parakrama Chola Pandyan
  • Jatavarman Chola Pandya
  • Seervallabha Manakulachala (1101–1124)
  • Maaravaramban Seervallaban (1132–1161)
  • Parakrama Pandyan I (1161–1162 CE)
  • Kulasekara Pandyan III
  • Vira Pandyan III
  • Jatavarman Srivallaban (1175–1180 CE)
  • Jatavarman Kulasekaran I (1190–1216 CE)

Later Pandyans (1212–1345 CE)

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Tenkasi Pandyans (1422–1620 CE)

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Main article: Tenkasi Pandyas

During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai to Delhi Sultanate, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals.

  • Cataiyavarman Parakrama Pandyan (1422–1463 CE)
  • Cataiyavarman III Kulasekara Pandyan (1429–1473 CE)
  • Azhagan Perumal Parakrama Pandyan (1473–1506 CE)
  • Kulasekara Pandyan (1479–1499 CE)
  • Cataiyavarman Civallappa Pandyan (1534–1543 CE)
  • Parakrama Kulasekara Pandyan (1543–1552 CE)
  • Nelveli Maran (1552–1564 CE)
  • Cataiyavarman Adiveerama Pandyan (1564–1604 CE)
  • Varathunga Pandyan (1588–1612 CE)
  • Varakunarama Pandyan (1613–1618 CE)
  • Kollankondan ( Approx 1620 CE)

Mutharaiyar dynasty (600 and 850 CE)

Mutharaiyar dynasty is one of the royal dynasty in Tamil Nadu state of India. Mutharaiyars ruled Tanjore, Trichy and Pudukottai regions from 600 CE to 850 CE.

Admirable accounts of Mutharaiyar kings are found in the Tamil epics Nālaṭiyār and Muthollaayiram

Kuvavan Maaran alias Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar I (650-680 CE)

Maaran Parameswaran alias Ilangovadiaraiyan (680 -705 CE)

Suvaran Maran alias Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II (705-745 CE)

Videlviduku Satan Maran(745 -770 CE)

Peradiarayan alias Marbiduku(770-791 CE)

Kuvavan Satan alias Videlviduku Mutharaiyar(791 -826 CE)

sandhan Pailiili(826 -851 CE)

Chola dynasty (c. 300 BCE – 1280 CE)

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Main article: Chola dynasty
Chola Empire at greatest extent

Legendary Chola rulers

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Main article: Legendary early Chola kings

Early Chola rulers (c. 300 BCE – 850 CE)

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Main article: Early Cholas
A bronze statue of Karikalan.

Imperial Chola Empire (850–1279 CE)

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Main articles: Medieval Cholas and Later Cholas
A sculpture of Rajaraja Chola I.

Chera dynasty (c. 300 BCE – 1528 CE)

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Main article: Chera dynasty
South India & location of Cheras in west

Early Chera kingdom (c. 3rd century BCE – 4th century CE)

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A Chera coin with legend "Makkotai"
A Chera coin with legend "Kuttuvan Kotai"

From inscriptions

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  • Ko Athan Cheral Irumporai
  • Perum Kadungo Irumporai
  • Ilam Kadungo Irumporai
  • Kadummi Pudha Chera

From inscribed coins

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  • Mak-kothai
  • Kuttuvan Kothai
  • Kollippurai/Kollippurai
  • Kol Irumporai
  • Sa Irumporai

Kongu Chera dynasty (c. 400–844 CE)

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Main article: Kongu Chera dynasty
  • Ravi Kotha
  • Kantan Ravi
  • Vira Kotha
  • Vira Narayana
  • Vira Chola
  • Vira Kerala
  • Amara Bhujanga Deva
  • Kerala Kesari Adhirajaraja Deva

Chera Perumal dynasty of Makotai (c. 844–1124 CE)

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Main article: Chera Perumals of Makotai

Venadu Chera/Kulasekhara dynasty (c. 1124–1528 CE)

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Main article: Venad (kingdom)
  • Vira Kerala Varma I (1124–1145 CE)
  • Kodai Kerala Varma (1145–1150 CE)
  • Vira Ravi Varma (1145–1150 CE)
  • Vira Kerala Varma II (1164–1167 CE)
  • Vira Aditya Varma (1167–1173 CE)
  • Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1173–1192 CE)
  • Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III (1192–1195 CE)
  • Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi (1195– ?)
  • Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1209–1214 CE)
  • Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1214–1240 CE)
  • Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1240–1252 CE)
  • Ravi Varma (1299–1313 CE)
  • Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1313–1333 CE)
  • Aditya Varma Tiruvadi (1333–1335 CE)
  • Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1335–1342 CE)
  • Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1342–1363 CE)
  • Vira Martanda Varma III (1363–1366 CE)
  • Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1366–1382 CE)
  • Vira Ravi Varma (1383–1416 CE)
  • Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1416–1417 CE)
  • Vira Kerala Martanda Varma (1383 CE)
  • Chera Udaya Martanda Varma (1383–1444 CE)
  • Vira Ravi Varma (1444–1458 CE)
  • Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468 CE)
  • Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484 CE)
  • Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1484–1503 CE)
  • Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504 CE)
  • Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1528 CE)

Pallava Empire (c. 275–897 CE)

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Main article: Pallava dynasty
A Pallava coin with lion insigne of Narasimhavarman I.

Early Pallavas

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  • Virakurcha (275–300), founder of dynasty
  • Simha Varman I, Provincial governor of Palnadu region of Andhra
  • Siva Skanda Varman I (300–325)
  • Buddhavarman (325–340)
  • Vishnugopavarman (340–350)

Middle Pallavas

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  • Kumaravisnu I (c. 345–360)
  • Skanda Varman II (c. 360–380)
  • Vira Varman (c. 380–400)
  • Skanda Varman III (c. 400–436)
  • Simha Varman I (c. 436–477)
  • Yuvamaharaja Vishnugopa, Brother of Simhavarman I, Provincial governor of Andhra
  • Skanda Varman IV (c. 477–490)
  • Nandi Varman I (c. 490–500)
  • Kumaravisnu II (c. 500–510)
  • Buddha Varman (c. 510–525)
  • Kumaravisnu III (c. 525–545)

Later Pallavas

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Ay Kingdom

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Main article: Ay Kingdom

Ay chieftains (early historic)

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  • Ay Andiran
  • Ay Titiyan (the Podiyil Chelvan)
  • Ay Atiyan

Medieval Ay kings

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  • Chadayan Karunanthan
  • Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. 856–884 CE)
  • Vikramaditya Varaguna (r. 884–911 CE)

Mushika Kingdom

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Main article: Mushika Kingdom

Early rulers

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  • Ezhimala Nannan

Medieval rulers

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  • Validhara Vikkirama Rama (c. 929 CE)
  • Kantan Karivarman alias Iramakuta Muvar (c. 1020 CE)
  • Mushikesvara Chemani/Jayamani (c. 1020 CE)
  • Utaiya-varma alias Ramakuta Muvar (early 12th century CE)

Jaffna Kingdom (c. 1277–1619 CE)

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Main article: Jaffna Kingdom
Image of Singai Parasasekaran, his sons Pandaram, Paranirupsingan and Cankili I

Kingdom of Ramnad (c. 1601–1949 CE)

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Main article: Ramnad estate

List of Sethupathi rulers

Chieftains With the Madurai Nayaks (c. 1601–1677)

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  • Udaiyan Sethupathi (Sadaikkan) (1601–1623)
  • Koottan Sethupathi (1623–1635)
  • Dalavai Raghunatha Sethupathi (1635–1645)
  • Thirumalai Raghunatha Sethupathi (1646–1676)
  • Raja Suriya Sethupathi (1676)
  • Aathana Raghunatha Sethupathi (1677)

Imperial rulers (c. 1678–1795 CE)

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Rulers of princely state under British Raj (c. 1795–1949 CE)

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As King

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  • Mangaleswari Nachiyar (1795–1803)

As Zamindars

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Pudukkottai Kingdom (c. 1686–1948 CE)

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Main article: Pudukkottai state

Sivaganga Kingdom (c. 1725–1947 CE)

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Main article: Sivaganga estate
  • Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Periyavudaya Thevar (1725–1750), first ruler
  • Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar (1750–1780)
  • Velu Nachiyar (1780–1790)
  • Vellacci (1790–1793)[3]
  • Vangam Periya Udaya Thevar (1793–1801), last ruler
Zamindar under British rule (1803–1947)

Velir Monarches

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Main article: Velirs

Palaiyakkarar Monarches

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Main article: Palaiyakkarar

Nayaka dynasties

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Main articles: Nayaka dynasties and Nayak (title)

Nayaks, Nayakas or Nayakars were a Telugu-origin dynasty that established themselves after the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire as sovereign rulers of Tamil territories and replaced the indigenous Tamil dynasties like Cholas and Pandyans.

Nayaks Kingdom of Gingee (1509–1649 CE)

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Main article: Nayaks of Gingee
  • Krishnappa Nayaka (1509–1521), first ruler
  • Chennappa Nayaka
  • Gangama Nayaka
  • Venkata Krishnappa Nayaka
  • Venkata Rama Bhupaala Nayaka
  • Thriyambamka Krishnappa Nayaka
  • Varadappa Nayaka
  • Ramalinga Nayani vaaru
  • Venkata Perumal Naidu
  • Periya Ramabhadra Naidu
  • Ramakrishnappa Naidu (d. 1649), last ruler

Madurai Nayak Kingdom (1529–1736 CE)

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Main article: Madurai Nayak dynasty
  • Nagama Nayaka, first ruler
  • Viswanatha Nayaka
  • Vitthala Raja Nayaka (1546–1558)
  • Kumara Krishnappa Nayaka (1563–1573)
  • Muttu Krishnappa Nayaka (1602–1609)
  • Muttu Virappa Nayaka (1609–1623)
  • Tirumalai Nayaka (1623–1659)
  • Muttu Alakadri Nayaka (1659–1662)
  • Chokkanatha Nayaka (1662–1682)
  • Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayaka (1682–1689)
  • Mangammal (1689–1704)
  • Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayaka (1704–1731)
  • Queen Meenakshi, and the End of the Nayakas (1731–1736), last ruler

Thanjavur Nayak kingdom (1532–1673 CE)

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Main article: Thanjavur Nayak kingdom

Kingdom of Kandy (1739–1815 CE)

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Main article: Nayaks of Kandy

Other Tamil monarchs

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Splendours of Tamil Nadu. p.146
  2. ^ "genealogy of the royal house of jaffna".
  3. ^ K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Sri Brihadamba State Press, 1938, A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State, p.720
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