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Jarrow (UK Parliament constituency)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jarrow
Former borough constituency
for the House of Commons
Outline map
2010–2024 boundary of Jarrow in Tyne and Wear
Outline map
Location of Tyne and Wear within England
CountyTyne and Wear
Electorate83,260 (2011)[1]
Major settlementsJarrow and Boldon
1885–2024
SeatsOne
Created fromSouth Durham
Replaced by

Jarrow was a constituency[n 1] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament from 2019 until its abolition for the 2024 general election by Kate Osborne of the Labour Party.[n 2]

The seat was created in the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.[2] and abolished in the 2023 periodic review of Westminster constituencies. With moderate boundary changes the constituency was replaced by the new Jarrow and Gateshead East, to be first contested in the 2024 general election.[3]

Boundaries

[edit]

1885–1918

[edit]
  • The Sessional Division of South Shields;
  • the Municipal Boroughs of Jarrow and South Shields; and
  • so much of the Parish of Heworth as is not included in the Municipal Borough of Gateshead.[2]

NB included only non-resident freeholders in the parliamentary borough of South Shields.

The constituency was created for the 1885 general election by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 as one of eight new single-member divisions of the county of Durham, replacing the two 2-member seats of North Durham and South Durham. See map on Vision of Britain website.[4]

1918–1950

[edit]
  • The Borough of Jarrow; and
  • the Urban Districts of Felling and Hebburn.[5]

Areas to the south and east transferred to the expanded constituencies of South Shields and Houghton-le-Spring (the Boldons).

1950–1955

[edit]
  • The Borough of Jarrow; and
  • the Urban Districts of Boldon, Felling, and Hebburn.[6]

Regained the Boldons from Houghton-le-Spring.

1955–1983

[edit]
  • The Borough of Jarrow; and
  • the Urban Districts of Boldon and Hebburn.

Felling transferred to Gateshead East. Redesignated as a borough constituency.[7]

1983–1997

[edit]
  • The Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside wards of Bede, Biddick Hall, Boldon Colliery, Cleadon and East Boldon, Fellgate and Hedworth, Hebburn Quay, Hebburn South, Monkton, Primrose, and Whitburn and Marsden.[8]

Minor changes to take account of ward boundaries of the newly formed metropolitan borough, including the transfer of Biddick Hall from South Shields.

1997–2010

[edit]
  • The Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside wards of Bede, Boldon Colliery, Cleadon and East Boldon, Fellgate and Hedworth, Hebburn Quay, Hebburn South, Monkton, Primrose, and Whitburn and Marsden; and
  • the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead ward of Wrekendyke.[9]

Biddick Hall returned to South Shields; Wrekendyke transferred from the abolished constituency of Gateshead East.

2010–2024

[edit]
Map
Map of boundaries 2010-2024
  • The Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside wards of Bede, Boldon Colliery, Cleadon and East Boldon, Fellgate and Hedworth, Hebburn North, Hebburn South, Monkton, and Primrose; and
  • the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead wards of Pelaw and Heworth, and Wardley and Leam Lane.[10]

Boundary changes for the 2010 general election transferred the community of Whitburn into the neighbouring South Shields seat. Pelaw and Heworth transferred from the abolished constituency of Gateshead East and Washington West. (The Wrekendyke ward had been renamed Wardley and Leam Lane).

Abolition

[edit]

As a result of 2023 periodic review of Westminster constituencies the consistency was abolished with new constituencies being contested in the 2024 general election. Jarrow constituency was split between modified South Shields and newly created Jarrow and Gateshead East the following way:

Wards New constituency Part of Jarrow, %
  • Pelaw and Heworth, Wardley and Leam Lane wards (Gateshead)
  • Bede, Boldon Colliery, Fellgate and Hedworth, Hebburn North, Hebburn South, Monkton, Primrose (South Tyneside)
 Jarrow and Gateshead East 90.5
Cleadon and East Boldon (South Tyneside) South Shields 9.5

Constituency profile

[edit]

The constituency consisted of part of the metropolitan district of South Tyneside, including the settlements of Jarrow, Boldon, Cleadon and Hebburn, as well as two wards from the adjacent Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead, covering Pelaw and Wardley.[11]

In 2005 The Guardian described Jarrow as:

'[A] former shipbuilding town south of Newcastle famous for its march against unemployment in the 1930s.'

Political history

[edit]

The last Liberal to serve the seat lost his seat at the 1922 general election and the last Conservative to serve the seat held it from 1931 to 1935, since which it has been served by MPs from the Labour Party.

Since 1935, just five people have served as MP for Jarrow; the first, Ellen Wilkinson, served as Labour's first Minister of Education during the first Attlee government. While the seat has been loyally Labour by comfortable margins since 1935, it has seen unusual swings a number of times; in the 1983 Conservative landslide, incumbent MP Don Dixon actually increased his majority; in the close 1992 election his majority fell somewhat despite the general swing to Labour; and in 2001 his successor Stephen Hepburn managed to increase his majority to 51.1% (incidentally the biggest any candidate has ever held in the seat).

Members of Parliament

[edit]
Election Member[12] Party
1885 Charles Palmer Liberal
1907 by-election Pete Curran Labour
Jan 1910 Godfrey Mark Palmer Liberal
1922 Robert John Wilson Labour
1931 William Pearson Conservative
1935 Ellen Wilkinson Labour
1947 by-election Ernest Fernyhough Labour
1979 Don Dixon Labour
1997 Stephen Hepburn Labour
2019 Independent
2019 Kate Osborne Labour
2024 Constituency abolished

Election results 1885−2024

[edit]

Elections in the 1880s

[edit]
Charles Palmer
General election 1885: Jarrow[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Charles Palmer 5,702 76.6
Jarrow Radical and Labour Representation League James Johnston 1,731 23.3
Majority 3,971 53.3
Turnout 7,433 57.6
Registered electors 12,897
Liberal win (new seat)
General election 1886: Jarrow[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Charles Palmer Unopposed
Liberal hold

Elections in the 1890s

[edit]
General election 1892: Jarrow[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Charles Palmer 7,343 75.2 N/A
Independent Labour Edward Dillon Lewis[14][15] 2,416 24.8 New
Majority 4,927 50.4 N/A
Turnout 9,759 68.6 N/A
Registered electors 14,231
Liberal hold Swing N/A
General election 1895: Jarrow[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Charles Palmer Unopposed
Liberal hold

Elections in the 1900s

[edit]
General election 1900: Jarrow[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Charles Palmer Unopposed
Liberal hold
General election 1906: Jarrow[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Charles Palmer 8,047 61.2 N/A
Labour Repr. Cmte. Pete Curran 5,093 38.8 New
Majority 2,954 22.4 N/A
Turnout 13,140 77.2 N/A
Registered electors 17,023
Liberal hold Swing N/A
1907 Jarrow by-election[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Pete Curran 4,698 33.1 −5.7
Conservative Patrick Rose-Innes 3,930 27.6 New
Liberal Spencer Leigh Hughes 3,474 24.4 −36.8
Irish Parliamentary John O'Hanlon 2,122 14.9 New
Majority 768 5.5 N/A
Turnout 14,224 82.7 +5.5
Registered electors 17,195
Labour gain from Liberal Swing +15.6

Elections in the 1910s

[edit]
General election January 1910: Jarrow [16][13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Godfrey Palmer 4,885 34.0 −27.2
Labour Peter Francis Curran 4,818 33.5 −5.3
Conservative James Kirkley 4,668 32.5 N/A
Majority 67 0.5 −21.9
Turnout 14,371 78.6 +1.4
Registered electors 18,292
Liberal hold Swing −11.0
General election December 1910: Jarrow[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Godfrey Palmer 5,097 34.0 0.0
Conservative James Kirkley 4,986 33.3 +0.8
Labour Alexander Gordon Cameron 4,892 32.7 −0.8
Majority 111 0.7 +0.2
Turnout 14,975 81.9 +3.3
Registered electors 18,292
Liberal hold Swing +0.1
General election 1918: Jarrow
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
C Liberal Godfrey Palmer 12,544 61.0 +27.0
Labour John Hill 8,034 39.0 +5.7
Majority 4,510 22.0 +21.3
Turnout 20,578 55.0 −26.9
Registered electors 37,389
Liberal hold Swing +10.7
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

Elections in the 1920s

[edit]
General election 1922: Jarrow [17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Robert Wilson 17,208 53.9 +14.9
Unionist Charles Harrie Innes-Hopkins 10,166 31.9 New
Liberal Ernest Young 4,522 14.2 −46.8
Majority 7,042 22.0 N/A
Turnout 31,896 82.2 +27.2
Registered electors 38,808
Labour gain from Liberal Swing +30.9
General election 1923: Jarrow [17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Robert John Wilson 16,570 63.9 +10.0
Unionist John Lindsley 9,348 36.1 +4.2
Majority 7,222 27.8 +5.8
Turnout 25,918 67.2 −15.0
Registered electors 38,548
Labour hold Swing +2.9
General election 1924: Jarrow
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Robert Wilson 18,203 57.4 −6.5
Unionist Albert Baucher 13,527 42.6 +6.5
Majority 4,676 14.8 −13.0
Turnout 31,730 80.9 +13.7
Registered electors 39,237
Labour hold Swing −6.5
General election 1929: Jarrow
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Robert Wilson 22,751 62.5 +5.1
Unionist Longinus Vivian Rogers 13,638 37.5 −5.1
Majority 9,113 25.0 +10.2
Turnout 36,389 75.3 −5.6
Registered electors 48,313
Labour hold Swing +5.1

Elections in the 1930s

[edit]
General election 1931: Jarrow
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative William Pearson 21,263 54.1 +16.6
Labour Robert Wilson 18,071 45.9 −16.6
Majority 3,192 8.2 N/A
Turnout 39,334 80.5 +5.2
Conservative gain from Labour Swing
General election 1935: Jarrow
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ellen Wilkinson 20,324 53.1 +7.2
Conservative William Pearson 17,974 46.9 −7.2
Majority 2,350 6.2 N/A
Turnout 38,298 80.8 +0.3
Labour gain from Conservative Swing

Elections in the 1940s

[edit]
General election 1945: Jarrow
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ellen Wilkinson 22,656 66.0 +12.9
National Liberal Stanley Holmes 11,649 34.0 −12.9
Majority 11,007 32.1 +25.9
Turnout 34,305 82.4 +1.6
Labour hold Swing
1947 Jarrow by-election[18]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ernest Fernyhough 20,694 59.3 −6.7
Conservative William Scott 13,078 37.5 +3.5
Ind. Labour Party W. Moody 1,114 3.2 New
Majority 7,616 21.8 −10.3
Turnout 34,886
Labour hold Swing N/A

Elections in the 1950s

[edit]
General election 1950: Jarrow
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ernest Fernyhough 33,751 63.0 −3.0
Conservative John L. Cox 16,895 31.5 −2.5
Liberal Edward Glover Stephen Chalkley 2,940 5.5 New
Majority 16,856 31.5 −0.6
Turnout 53,586 82.8 +0.4
Labour hold Swing
General election 1951: Jarrow[19]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ernest Fernyhough 35,963 66.2 +3.2
Conservative John Cox 19,217 34.8 +3.3
Majority 16,746 30.4 −1.1
Turnout 55,180 84.6 +1.8
Labour hold Swing
General election 1955: Jarrow[20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ernest Fernyhough 24,706 63.3 −2.9
Conservative Marjorie Dickinson 14,304 36.4 +1.6
Majority 10,402 26.9 −3.5
Turnout 39,010 79.1 −5.5
Labour hold Swing
General election 1959: Jarrow[21]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ernest Fernyhough 25,638 62.7 −0.6
Conservative Tommy T Hubble 15,286 37.4 +1.0
Majority 10,352 25.3 −1.6
Turnout 40,924 80.3 +1.2
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1960s

[edit]
General election 1964: Jarrow[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ernest Fernyhough 26,053 64.2 +1.5
Conservative Tommy T Hubble 14,503 35.8 −1.6
Majority 11,550 28.4 +3.1
Turnout 40,556 80.0 −0.3
Labour hold Swing
General election 1966: Jarrow[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ernest Fernyhough 26,006 67.6 +3.4
Conservative Derrick Robson 12,449 32.4 −3.4
Majority 13,557 35.2 +6.8
Turnout 38,455 76.7 −3.3
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1970s

[edit]
General election 1970: Jarrow[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ernest Fernyhough 25,861 63.5 −4.1
Conservative Derrick Robson 14,847 36.5 +4.1
Majority 11,014 27.0 −8.2
Turnout 40,708 74.4 −2.3
Labour hold Swing
General election February 1974: Jarrow
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ernest Fernyhough 27,740 66.7 +3.2
Conservative B. Bolam 13,848 33.3 −3.2
Majority 13,892 33.4 +6.4
Turnout 41,588 86.8 +12.4
Labour hold Swing
General election October 1974: Jarrow
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Ernest Fernyhough 24,558 62.8 −3.9
Conservative B. Bolam 8,707 22.3 −10.0
Liberal L. Ormston 5,818 14.9 New
Majority 15,851 40.5 +7.1
Turnout 39,083 71.4 −15.4
Labour hold Swing
General election 1979: Jarrow
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Don Dixon 24,057 55.8 −7.0
Conservative D. Auld 12,529 29.1 +6.8
Liberal A. McDonnell 3,907 9.1 −5.8
Independent Labour H. Downey 2,247 5.2 New
Independent N. Brown 374 0.9 New
Majority 11,528 26.7 −13.8
Turnout 43,114 77.5 +6.1
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1980s

[edit]
General election 1983: Jarrow[25]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Don Dixon 25,151 55.3 −0.5
Conservative Sonia Copland 11,274 24.8 −4.3
Liberal John A. Lennox 9,094 20.0 +10.9
Majority 13,877 30.5 +3.8
Turnout 45,519 71.4 −6.1
Labour hold Swing
General election 1987: Jarrow[26]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Don Dixon 29,651 63.4 +7.9
Conservative Paul Yeoman 10,856 23.2 −1.6
Liberal Peter Freitag 6,230 13.3 −6.7
Majority 18,795 40.2 +9.7
Turnout 46,737 74.4 +3.0
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1990s

[edit]
General election 1992: Jarrow[27][28]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Don Dixon 28,956 62.1 −1.3
Conservative Terence F. Ward 11,049 23.7 +0.5
Liberal Democrats Keith Orrell 6,608 14.2 +0.9
Majority 17,907 38.4 −1.8
Turnout 46,613 74.4 0.0
Labour hold Swing −0.9
General election 1997: Jarrow[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Stephen Hepburn 28,497 64.9 +2.8
Conservative Mark C. Allatt 6,564 14.9 −8.8
Liberal Democrats Tim N. Stone 4,865 11.1 −3.1
Independent Labour Alan J. Le Blond 2,538 5.8 New
Referendum Peter W. Mailer 1,034 2.4 New
Socialist (GB) John Bissett 444 1.0 New
Majority 21,933 50.0 +11.6
Turnout 43,942 68.7 −5.7
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 2000s

[edit]
General election 2001: Jarrow[30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Stephen Hepburn 22,777 66.1 +1.2
Liberal Democrats James Selby 5,182 15.0 +3.9
Conservative Donald Wood 5,056 14.7 −0.2
UKIP Alan Badger 716 2.1 New
Independent Alan J. Le Blond 391 1.1 New
Socialist (GB) John Bissett 357 1.0 0.0
Majority 17,595 51.1 +1.1
Turnout 34,479 55.1 −13.6
Labour hold Swing
General election 2005: Jarrow[31]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Stephen Hepburn 20,554 60.5 −5.6
Liberal Democrats Bill Schardt 6,650 19.6 +4.6
Conservative Linkson A.S. Jack 4,807 14.1 −0.6
UKIP Alan Badger 1,567 4.6 +2.5
Safeguard the National Health Service Roger Nettleship 400 1.2 New
Majority 13,904 40.9 −10.2
Turnout 33,978 55.0 −0.1
Labour hold Swing −5.1

Elections in the 2010s

[edit]
General election 2010: Jarrow[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Stephen Hepburn 20,910 53.9 −4.9
Conservative Jeff Milburn 8,002 20.6 +7.8
Liberal Democrats Tom Appleby 7,163 18.5 −4.0
BNP Andy Swaddle 2,709 7.0 New
Majority 12,908 33.3
Turnout 38,784 60.3 +5.5
Labour hold Swing −6.4
General election 2015: Jarrow[33]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Stephen Hepburn 21,464 55.7 +1.8
UKIP Steve Harrison[34] 7,583 19.7 New
Conservative Nick Mason 6,584 17.1 –3.5
Green David Herbert 1,310 3.4 New
Liberal Democrats Stan Collins 1,238 3.2 –15.3
TUSC Norman Hall[35] 385 1.0 New
Majority 13,881 36.0 +2.7
Turnout 38,564 60.4 +0.1
Labour hold Swing –9.0
General election 2017: Jarrow[36]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Stephen Hepburn 28,020 65.1 +9.4
Conservative Robin Gwynn 10,757 25.0 +7.9
UKIP James Askwith 2,338 5.4 −14.3
Liberal Democrats Peter Maughan 1,163 2.7 −0.5
Green David Herbert 745 1.7 –1.7
Majority 17,263 40.1 +4.1
Turnout 43,023 66.4 +6.0
Labour hold Swing +0.8
General election 2019: Jarrow[37]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Kate Osborne 18,363 45.1 –20.0
Conservative Nick Oliver 11,243 27.6 +2.6
Brexit Party Richard Monaghan 4,122 10.1 +10.1
Independent John Robertson 2,991 7.3 +7.3
Liberal Democrats David Wilkinson 2,360 5.8 +3.1
Green James Milne 831 2.0 +0.3
Independent Shaun Sadler 614 1.5 +1.5
SDP Mark Conway 212 0.5 +0.5
Majority 7,120 17.5 −22.6
Turnout 40,736 62.6 –3.8
Labour hold Swing –11.3

This was the only seat in England at the 2019 general election where five candidates saved their deposit by securing over 5% of the vote.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)
  2. ^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Parliament constituency population 2011". Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Redistribution of Seats Act 1885". Proprietors of the Law Journal Reports. pp. 155–156.
  3. ^ "The 2023 Review of Parliamentary Constituency Boundaries in England – Volume one: Report – North East | Boundary Commission for England". boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  4. ^ "HMSO Boundary Commission Report 1885, Durham".
  5. ^ Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885-1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. p. 11. ISBN 0-900178-09-4. OCLC 539011.
  6. ^ Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885-1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. p. 59. ISBN 0-900178-09-4. OCLC 539011.
  7. ^ Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885-1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. pp. 59, 60, 130. ISBN 0-900178-09-4. OCLC 539011.
  8. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983" (PDF). p. 74.
  9. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1995". In the County of Tyne and Wear.
  10. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007". In Tyne and Wear.
  11. ^ "Final Recommendations for Parliamentary Constituencies in Tyne and Wear". Boundary Commission for England. 10 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  12. ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "J"
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984.
  14. ^ "Commercial Items". The Globe. 24 June 1892. p. 5. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  15. ^ "The Jarrow Election". Shields Daily Gazette. 18 April 1893. p. 4. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  16. ^ Times House of Commons, 1910; Politico’s Publishing, 2004 p62
  17. ^ a b British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
  18. ^ The Liberal Magazine, vols.55-56, p.269
  19. ^ The Times' Guide to the House of Commons. 1951.
  20. ^ The Times' Guide to the House of Commons. 1955.
  21. ^ The Times' Guide to the House of Commons. 1959.
  22. ^ The Times' Guide to the House of Commons. 1964.
  23. ^ The Times' Guide to the House of Commons. 1966.
  24. ^ The Times' Guide to the House of Commons. 1970.
  25. ^ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  26. ^ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  27. ^ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  28. ^ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  29. ^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  30. ^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  31. ^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  32. ^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  33. ^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  34. ^ "Steve Harrison, UK Independence Party (UKIP) candidate to be MP for Jarrow – YourNextMP.com". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  35. ^ "TUSC parliamentary candidates in May 2015" (PDF). Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition.
  36. ^ "Election Data 2017". Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  37. ^ "Statement of Persons Nominated - Jarrow" (PDF). Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
[edit]
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