First Restoration

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "First Restoration" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (February 2016) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,643 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Première Restauration]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Première Restauration}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Kingdom of France Royaume de France
1814–1815
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Montjoie Saint Denis! "Montjoy Saint Denis!"
Anthem: Le Retour des Princes français à Paris "The Return of the French Princes to Paris"
The Kingdom of France in 1814
Capital	Paris
Common languages	French
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Government	Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy
King
• 1814–1815	Louis XVIII
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
• 1815	Charles de Bénévent
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Chamber of Peers
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
History
• Restoration	6 April 1814
• Treaty of Paris	30 May 1814
• Constitution adopted	4 June 1814
• Hundred Days	20 Mar – 7 Jul 1815
• Disestablished	20 March 1815
Currency	French franc
ISO 3166 code	FR
Preceded by Succeeded by First French Empire First French Empire

The First Restoration was a period in French history that saw the return of the House of Bourbon to the throne, between the abdication of Napoleon in the spring of 1814 and the Hundred Days in March 1815. The regime was born following the victory of the Sixth Coalition (United Kingdom, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria) as part of the campaign of France, while the country was in conflict during the First Empire. While the Allied powers were divided over the person to be placed on the throne of France, a subtle game was established between the Bourbons in exile, the French institutions, and the foreign powers, before the abdication of Napoleon on 6 April opened the way to Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, who returned to Paris at the end of the month and moved to the Tuileries Palace.

The new regime was constitutional: it was indeed, to reconcile the country, to mix the return to the monarchy with some of the major achievements of the French Revolution. To do this, the sovereign granted the French the Charter of 1814. The royal power was restored while preserving part of the rights of the individual acquired during the Revolution. During its short existence, the regime tried to reconcile the country. This method disappointed the most extreme monarchists, who hoped for vengeance for the wrongs suffered during the revolutionary period, while the return to power of the Catholic Church and the reduction of the size of armies quickly created enemies to the regime.

It was in this context that Napoleon landed in France on 1 March 1815. With an army initially reduced, it recruited the discontented and walked across the country. Louis XVIII fled Paris on March 19, and the regime fell the next day, at the arrival of Napoleon at the Tuileries. Louis XVIII went into exile in Ghent. It was only after the Hundred Days and the Battle of Waterloo that Louis XVIII was able return to the throne, inaugurating the Second Restoration.

Louis XVIII's restoration to the throne in 1814 was effected largely through the support of Napoleon's former foreign minister, Talleyrand, who convinced the victorious Allied Powers of the desirability of a Bourbon Restoration.^[1] The Allies had initially split on the best candidate for the throne: Britain favoured the Bourbons, the Austrians considered a regency for Napoleon's son, Napoleon François Bonaparte, and the Russians were open to either the duc d'Orléans, Louis Philippe, or Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Napoleon's former Marshal, who was in line for the Swedish throne. Napoleon was offered to keep the throne in February 1814, on the condition that France return to its 1792 frontiers, but he refused.^[1] The feasibility of the Restoration was in doubt, but the allure of peace to a war-weary French public, and demonstrations of support for the Bourbons in Paris, Bordeaux, Marseille, and Lyons, helped reassure the Allies.^[2]

Louis, in accordance with the Declaration of Saint-Ouen,^[3] granted a written constitution, the Charter of 1814, which guaranteed a bicameral legislature with a hereditary/appointive Chamber of Peers and an elected Chamber of Deputies – their role was consultative (except on taxation), as only the King had the power to propose or sanction laws, and appoint or recall ministers.^[4] The franchise was limited to men with considerable property holdings, and just 1% of people could vote.^[4] Many of the legal, administrative, and economic reforms of the revolutionary period were left intact; the Napoleonic Code,^[4] which guaranteed some legal equality and civil liberties to men, the peasants' biens nationaux, and the new system of dividing the country into départments were not undone by the new king. Relations between church and state remained regulated by the Concordat of 1801. However, in spite of the fact that the Charter was a condition of the Restoration, the preamble declared it to be a "concession and grant", given "by the free exercise of our royal authority".^[5]

After a first sentimental flush of popularity, Louis' gestures towards reversing the results of the French Revolution quickly lost him support among the disenfranchised majority. Significant symbolic acts included the replacement of the tricolore flag with the white flag, the titling of Louis as the "XVIII" (as successor to Louis XVII, who never ruled) and as "King of France" rather than "King of the French", and the monarchy's recognition of the anniversaries of the execution of Louis XVI and of Marie Antoinette. A more tangible source of antagonism was the pressure applied to possessors of biens nationaux by the Catholic Church and returning émigrés attempting to repossess their former lands.^[6] Other groups bearing ill sentiment towards Louis included the army, non-Catholics, and workers hit by a post-war slump and the influx of British imports.^[7]

• Furet, François (1995). Revolutionary France 1770-1880 (in French). Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631170297. OCLC 1076274243.
• Tombs, Robert (1996). France 1814–1914 (in French). London: Longman. ISBN 978-1138135239. OCLC 938992305.