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Foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda

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Foreign relations
Antigua and Barbuda Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda maintains diplomatic relations with the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the People's Republic of China, as well as with many Latin American countries and neighbouring Eastern Caribbean states. It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, Petrocaribe and the Eastern Caribbean's Regional Security System (RSS).

As a member of CARICOM, Antigua and Barbuda supported efforts by the United States to implement UN Security Council Resolution 940, designed to facilitate the departure of Haiti's de facto authorities from power. The country agreed to contribute personnel to the multinational force which restored the democratically elected government of Haiti in October 1994.

In May 1997, Prime Minister Bird joined 14 other Caribbean leaders and President Clinton for the first-ever US-regional summit in Bridgetown, Barbados. The summit strengthened the basis for regional co-operation on justice and counter-narcotics issues, finance and development, and trade.

Antigua and Barbuda is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Disputes – international: none

Illicit drugs: considered a minor transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as a drug-money-laundering center.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Antigua and Barbuda has diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[1]
1  Canada 1 November 1981[2]
2  South Korea 1 November 1981[3]
3  United Kingdom 1 November 1981[4]
4  United States 1 November 1981[5]
5  Malaysia 1981[6]
6  Australia 17 January 1982[7]
7  Brazil 2 February 1982[3]
8  Guyana 3 February 1982[8]
9  Colombia 18 March 1982[9]
10  India 2 April 1982[10]
11  Germany 4 May 1982[3]
12  France 6 May 1982[3]
13  Netherlands 11 May 1982[3]
14  Sweden 11 June 1982[3]
15  Venezuela 11 June 1982[3]
16  Iraq 14 September 1982[3]
17  Japan 4 October 1982[3]
18  China 1 January 1983[3]
19  Belize 4 February 1983[11]
20  Jamaica 8 February 1983[12]
21  Nigeria 2 March 1983[13]
22  Uganda 2 March 1983[13]
23  Zambia 2 March 1983[13]
24  Portugal 20 March 1983[14]
25  Syria 18 April 1983[3]
26  Israel 22 June 1983[3]
27  Barbados 19 September 1983[15]
28  Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983[16]
29   Switzerland 14 December 1983[3]
30  Saint Lucia 1983[17]
31  Costa Rica 16 January 1984[3]
32  Mexico 14 September 1984[18]
33  Argentina 7 December 1984[19]
34  Austria 25 March 1985[3]
35  Greece 10 June 1985[3]
36  Peru 24 June 1985[3]
37  Italy 20 August 1985[3]
38  Bolivia 26 August 1985[3]
39  Norway 14 October 1985[3]
40  Denmark 27 October 1985[3]
41  Belgium 30 October 1985[3]
–  Holy See 15 December 1986[20]
42  Uruguay 27 April 1987[3]
43  Spain 27 June 1988[3]
44  Suriname 10 October 1989
45  Algeria 1 November 1989
46  Russia 5 January 1990
47  Chile 10 August 1990[3]
48  North Korea 27 November 1990
49  Guatemala 3 February 1992
50  Nicaragua 20 February 1992[3]
51  Ukraine 17 March 1993[3]
52  El Salvador 18 March 1993[3]
53  Latvia 19 March 1993
54  Estonia 4 June 1993
55  Slovenia 15 June 1993[3]
56  Armenia 25 August 1993[3]
57  Cuba 6 April 1994
58  North Macedonia 21 February 1995[3]
59  Azerbaijan 5 April 1995[3]
60  Panama 27 September 1996[21]
61  Czech Republic 31 January 1997
62  Haiti 11 June 1997
63  Kuwait 9 July 1998[3]
64  Croatia 15 June 1999
65  Slovakia 21 June 1999
66  Turkey June 1999[22]
67  Belarus 18 May 2000
68  Ireland 19 May 2000
69  Bulgaria 7 June 2001
70  Maldives 25 March 2002
71  South Africa 17 February 2004[23]
72  Iceland 11 March 2004
73  Cyprus 22 July 2004
74  Malta 23 July 2004
75  Lithuania 23 September 2004[24]
76  Hungary 16 May 2005
77  Poland 13 September 2005[25]
78  Thailand 7 July 2006[26]
79  Oman 5 October 2006
80  Qatar 9 October 2006
81  Bahrain 20 October 2006
82  Singapore 12 December 2006
83  Saudi Arabia 12 February 2007
84  United Arab Emirates 4 May 2007
85  Morocco 3 July 2007[27]
86  Libya 31 August 2007
87  Luxembourg 26 September 2007
88  Dominican Republic 5 October 2007[28]
89  Kazakhstan 16 November 2007
90  Botswana 6 December 2007
91  Finland 26 September 2008
92  Ecuador 10 August 2009[29]
93  Brunei 21 December 2009
94  Cambodia 28 April 2010
95  Egypt 7 July 2010
96  Philippines 16 July 2010
97  Georgia 7 April 2011
98  Montenegro 11 April 2011
99  Tajikistan 12 April 2011
100  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 June 2011
101  Andorra 3 June 2011[30]
102  Indonesia 23 September 2011[31]
103  Moldova 18 November 2011
104  Mongolia 19 June 2013
105  Vietnam 8 November 2013
106  New Zealand 6 October 2014[32]
107  Fiji 20 February 2015
108  Iran 1 October 2015
109  Paraguay 21 September 2016
110  Pakistan 23 September 2016
111  Lebanon April 2017[33]
112    Nepal 25 July 2017
113  Jordan 27 September 2017
–  Cook Islands 9 November 2017[34]
114  Romania 5 April 2018[35]
115  Liechtenstein 25 September 2018
116  Serbia 28 September 2018
117  San Marino 12 December 2018[36]
118  Monaco 28 February 2019[37]
—  Kosovo 24 July 2019[38]
119  Rwanda 10 December 2019
120  Ethiopia Before March 2020[39]
121  Ghana Before March 2020[39]
122  Kyrgyzstan 3 June 2021[40]
123  Uzbekistan 13 June 2022
124  Kenya 23 June 2022[41]
125  Cape Verde September 2022[42]
126  Benin 21 December 2023
—  State of Palestine 14 June 2024
127  Seychelles 23 September 2024[43]
128  Bahamas Unknown
129  Dominica Unknown
130  Grenada Unknown
131  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Unknown
132  Trinidad and Tobago Unknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Belize 4 February 1983

Antigua & Barbuda and Belize are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1983.[44]

 Canada 1 November 1981

Antigua & Barbuda and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1967.[45][46]

  • Antigua and Barbuda is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and has a consulate-general in Toronto.
  • The Canadian High Commission in Bridgetown, Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda.[47]
 China 1 January 1983
Main article: Antigua and Barbuda–China relations

Both countries have established diplomatic relations.[48]

 Cyprus 21 July 2004
 Denmark 28 October 1985

Denmark is represented in Antigua and Barbuda by its Consulate General in New York and an honorary consulate in St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda.[50]

 Guyana 3 February 1982
 India
Main article: Antigua and Barbuda–India relations

Both countries have established diplomatic relations and have an Extradition Arrangement.[52][53]

 Ireland 19 May 2000

Ireland is represented in Antigua and Barbuda through its embassy in Washington DC, United States.[54][55]

 Israel 22 June 1983

Israel is represented in Antigua and Barbuda through its embassy in Dominican Republic.[56]

 Malta 23 July 2004
 Mexico 14 September 1984
Main article: Antigua and Barbuda–Mexico relations
  • Antigua and Barbuda has a non-resident ambassador accredited to Mexico from its capital in St. John's.[58]
  • Mexico is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda from its embassy in Castries, Saint Lucia and maintains an honorary consulate in St. John's.[59]
 New Zealand
 South Africa 26 June 2004
 South Korea 1 November 1981

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Antigua and Barbuda began on 1 November 1981.[62]

 Spain 27 June 1988

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1988.

 Turkey Feb. 3, 1982[63] See Antigua and Barbuda–Turkey relations
 United Kingdom 1 November 1981
Main article: Antigua and Barbuda–United Kingdom relations

Both countries have established diplomatic relations. Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.

 United States 1 November 1981
Main article: Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations

Relations between Antigua and Barbuda and the United States have been friendly since Antigua and Barbuda's independence from the United Kingdom in 1981.

The United States has supported the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's effort to expand its economic base and to improve its citizens' standard of living. However, concerns over the lack of adequate regulation of the financial services sector prompted the US Government to issue a financial advisory for Antigua and Barbuda in 1999. The advisory was lifted in 2001, but the US Government continues to monitor the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's regulation of financial services.

The United States also has been active in supporting post-hurricane disaster assistance and rehabilitation through the US Agency for International Development's (USAID) Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance and the Peace Corps. US assistance is primarily channelled through multilateral agencies such as the World Bank and the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), as well as through the USAID office in Bridgetown, Barbados.

Antigua and Barbuda is strategically situated in the Leeward Islands near maritime transport lanes of major importance to the United States. Antigua has long hosted a US military presence. A former US Navy support facility, turned over to the Government of Antigua and Barbuda in 1995, is now being developed as a regional coast guard training facility.

Antigua and Barbuda's location close to the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico makes it an attractive transshipment point for narcotics traffickers. To address these problems, the United States and Antigua and Barbuda have signed a series of counter-narcotic and counter-crime treaties and agreements, including a maritime law enforcement agreement (1995), subsequently amended to include overflight and order-to-land provisions (1996); a bilateral extradition treaty (1996); and a mutual legal assistance treaty (1996). In addition, Antigua and Barbuda receives counter-narcotics assistance and benefits from US military exercise-related and humanitarian civic assistance construction projects.

In 2005, Antigua and Barbuda had 239,804 stay-over visitors, with nearly 28% of Antigua and Barbuda's visitors coming from the United States. It is estimated that 4,500 Americans reside in the country.

In 2005 both countries disputed a World Trade Organization ruling over gambling law. In 2007 relations were strained when Antigua and Barbuda demanded sanctions worth $3.4bn imposed on the US for its failure to obey the WTO gambling ruling stating that "while we realise this is a significant step for Antigua and Barbuda to take, we feel we have no choice in the matter".[66] Nevertheless, relations between the two countries are still strong.

 Venezuela 15 June 1982
Main article: Antigua and Barbuda–Venezuela relations

Antigua and Barbuda enjoys close relations with Venezuela. As of June 2009 it became a formal member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) international co-operation organisation and the Caribbean oil alliance Petrocaribe. In 2009 Antigua and Barbuda received US$50 million from Venezuela because of the country's membership of these initiatives.

"We have benefited from these relationships and so we will continue to forge these alliances, whether it is with Venezuela, Cuba or whoever else that we feel is in the interest of Antigua and Barbuda and the sub-region," said the Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda Baldwin Spencer.[67]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Antigua and Barbuda and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  2. ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Government of Antigua and Barbuda. "Chronology of Antigua and Barbudas Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  4. ^ The Diplomatic Service List. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. 1985. p. 83. ISBN 9780115916571.
  5. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Antigua and Barbuda". Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  6. ^ "Wisma Putra congratulates Antigua and Barbuda 🇦🇬 on the joyous occasion of its 40th Independence Day". 1 November 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  7. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". righttoknow.org.au. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  8. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  9. ^ "Antigua y Barbuda" (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  10. ^ Kaul, Vimla (1978). India Since Independence: Chronology of Events, 7. Sagar Publications. p. 1630.
  11. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  13. ^ a b c Latin America Report, 2655. [Executive Office of the President], Federal Broadcast Information Service, Joint Publications Research Service. 1983. p. 31.
  14. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda". Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  15. ^ "LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH WHICH BARBADOS HAS DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BY REGIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (Barbados). Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  16. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  17. ^ "List of countries with which Saint Lucia has established Diplomatic Relations". Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Antigua y Barbuda" (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  19. ^ "Comunicado Conjunto sobre establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre el Gobierno de la República Argentina y el Gobierno de Antigua y Barbuda" (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  20. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  21. ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  22. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda to benefit from diplomatic cooperation with friendly countries". 11 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  23. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda". Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  24. ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  25. ^ "Antigua i Barbuda" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  26. ^ "แอนติกาและบาร์บูดา (Antigua and Barbuda)" (in Thai). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Antigua et Barbuda" (in French). Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  28. ^ "República Dominicana y Antigua y Barbuda acuerdan reforzar relaciones bilaterales" (in Spanish). 7 July 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Ecuador oficializa relaciones diplomáticas con Antigua y Barbuda" (in Spanish). 10 August 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  31. ^ "Paul Ryan Appointed As The First Indonesian Honorary Consul to Antigua and Barbuda". 29 May 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Antigua - Environment - New Zealand's High Commissioner to CARICOM Tours Antigua". Caribbean News Service. 13 October 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  33. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda opens doors to new embassy in Beirut". 4 September 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  34. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda Establishes Diplomatic Relations with the Cook Islands". 9 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  35. ^ "Romania and Antigua & Barbuda have agreed to establish diplomatic relations". 10 April 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  36. ^ "16-17-18-21-22-23-24 settembre 2020" (in Italian). pp. 15–16. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  37. ^ "Diplomacy: Accreditation of Ambassadors from Bahrain – Antigua and Barbuda – Panama – Bosnia and Herzegovina". 28 February 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  38. ^ "Antigua And Kosovo Sign Visa Waiver Agreement, Establishes Diplomatic Relations". Antigua News Room. 24 July 2019.
  39. ^ a b "Ambassador of Antigua and Barbuda to Ethiopia with concurrent accreditation to Ghana..." 10 March 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  40. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  41. ^ "CS Amb Raychelle Omamo signed Joint Communique on establishing diplomatic relations with Belize Foreign Minister Hon. Eamon Courtenay, Wednesday, June 22 2022 and signed with Hon.Chet Greene, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Immigration and Trade of Antigua and Barbuda, Thurs 23rd". Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  42. ^ "Cabo Verde estabelece relações diplomáticas com Trinidade e Tobago". Governo de Cabo Verde. 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  43. ^ "Yesterday Minister Greene also signed unto documents establishing diplomatic relations with Seychelles, whose economic wealth comes from the tourism industry, similar to Antigua and Barbuda". 24 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  44. ^ "DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS – BELIZE" (PDF). Mfa.gov.bz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  45. ^ Government of Canada, Global Affairs Canada. "Canada and Antigua and Barbuda". International.gc.ca.
  46. ^ Government of Canada, Global Affairs Canada. "Canada and Antigua and Barbuda relations". International.gc.ca.
  47. ^ "Canada – Antigua and Barbuda Relations". Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  48. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda". Fmprc.gov.cn.
  49. ^ "Joint Communiqué concerning the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Cyprus and Antigua and Barbuda" (PDF). Olc.gov.cy. New York. 22 July 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  50. ^ "Antigua og Barbuda". Anitguabarbuda.um.dk.
  51. ^ "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations – Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Co-operative Republic of Guyana". Minfor.gov.gy. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  52. ^ "MEA - List of Extradition Treaties/Arrangements". Mea.gov.in.
  53. ^ "MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS ORDER" (PDF). Mea.gov.in. New Delhi. 3 August 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  54. ^ "Antigua & Barbuda - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Dfa.ie.
  55. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Dfa.ie.
  56. ^ "Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations". Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  57. ^ https://foreignaffairs.gov.mt/en/Treaties+Series/Pages/Treaties+Documents/Antigua-and-Barbuba---Establishment-of-Diplomatic-Relations.aspx. Retrieved 30 January 2019. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  58. ^ "Mexico's Relations with the Caribbean" (PDF). Sebado.gob.mx.
  59. ^ "Inicio". Embamex.sre.gob.mx. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  60. ^ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "Caribbean". Mfat.govt.nz.
  61. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda". Dirco.gov.za.
  62. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Latin America and Caribbean". Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  63. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Antigua and Barbuda". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  64. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Antigua and Barbuda". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  65. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Antigua and Barbuda". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  66. ^ "Antigua hits back at US on gaming". News.bbc.co.uk. 21 June 2007.
  67. ^ "NO APOLOGIES: Spencer defends ties with Venezuela". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
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