Cornubite

Cornubite
Cornubite from Majuba Hill, Nevada, US. Specimen size 5 cm
General
Category	Arsenate minerals
Formula (repeating unit)	Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4
Strunz classification	8.BD.30
Dana classification	41.04.02.01
Crystal system	Triclinic
Crystal class	Pinacoidal (1) (same H-M symbol)
Space group	P1
Identification
Color	Light or dark green
Crystal habit	Fibrous, botryoidal, globular or massive, also rare tabular crystals
Cleavage	Distinct in two directions
Mohs scale hardness	4
Luster	Vitreous
Streak	Light green
Diaphaneity	Translucent[1][2] to transparent[3]
Specific gravity	4.64
Optical properties	Biaxial (−)
Refractive index	Nα = 1.87, Nβ not determined, Nγ = 1.90
Birefringence	r>v
Other characteristics	Not radioactive
References	[4][1][2][3][5]

Cornubite is a rare secondary copper arsenate mineral with formula: Cu₅(AsO₄)₂(OH)₄. It was first described for its discovery in 1958 in Wheal Carpenter, Gwinear, Cornwall, England, UK.^[6] The name is from Cornubia, the medieval Latin name for Cornwall.^[1] It is a dimorph of cornwallite, and the arsenic analogue of pseudomalachite.

Cleavage is distinct in two directions, both perpendicular to the enlarged faces of the tabular crystals, intersecting at about 70°. Cornubite is fairly soft, with hardness 4, the same as fluorite, and specific gravity 4.64, which is similar to another copper arsenate, clinoclase, at 4.38, but much denser than quartz, at 2.66.

All triclinic minerals are biaxial; cornubite is biaxial (−). Its refractive indices are quite high, close to 1.9, similar to zircon and garnet. It is green, as are many copper minerals, usually translucent, with a vitreous luster and a light green streak.

Cornubite belongs to the triclinic crystal class 1, space group P1, meaning that it has a very low symmetry, with only a center of symmetry and no mirror planes or axes of symmetry. In 1984 Sieber, Hofmeister, Tillmans and Abraham reported new data from microprobe analysis of cornubite, which gave unit cell parameters a = 6.121 Å, b = 6.251 Å, c = 6.790 Å, α = 92.93°, β = 111.3°, γ = 107.47° and Z = 1.^[7]

The structure is made up of sheets of edge-shared Cu(O,OH)₆ octahedra, with a copper atom Cu in the middle of the octahedron and either oxygen O or hydroxyl OH at each of the six vertices. These sheets are connected together by AsO₄ groups with an arsenic As atom in the middle and O at each of the four vertices. In the AsO₄ groups three of the Os are shared with octahedra in one octahedral sheet, and the fourth O is shared with an octahedron in the adjacent sheet. Hydrogen bonds also connect the sheets together.^[3]

Crystals, which are very rare, are tabular, often in aggregates as rosettes. Cornubite is generally fibrous, botryoidal, globular or massive.

Cornubite is a secondary mineral found in the oxidised zone of copper deposits. In Cornwall it is found in drusy quartz associated with malachite, Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂, olivenite, Cu₂(AsO₄)(OH), cuprite, Cu₂O, cornwallite, Cu²⁺₅(AsO₄)₂(OH)₂, and liroconite, Cu²⁺₂Al(AsO₄)(OH)₄·4H₂O.^[3] Some of the world's best specimens come from the Majuba Hill Mine in the Antelope District, Nevada, US. Cornubite occurs there as light green botryoidal crusts on rhyolite or as balls and crusts on cornwallite, also as coatings on clinoclase and pseudomorphs after parnauite.^[8] Other associations are with chalcophyllite, chenevixite, pseudomalachite, bayldonite, tyrolite, azurite and chrysocolla.^[2]

The type locality is Wheal Carpenter, Gwinear, Cornwall, UK. The type material is conserved at the Natural History Museum, London, reference BM.1958,122.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cornubite.

Jmol: http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/viewJmol.php?id=13776