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{{otheruses}}
'''''Ṭawīl''''' ({{langx|ar|طويل}}, literally 'long'), or '''''al-Ṭawīl''''' ({{lang|ar|الطويل}}), is a [[Meter (poetry)|meter]] used in classical [[Arabic poetry]].

It comprises [[distich|distichs]] (''bayt'') of two 'lines'—in Arabic usually written side by side, with a space dividing them, the first being called the ''sadr'' (صدر, literally "chest") and the other the ''ʿajuz'' (عجز, literally "belly"). Its basic form is as follows (the symbol ''–'' representing a long syllable, ''⏑'' representing a short syllable, and ''x'' representing a syllable that can be short or long):<ref>''Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology'', trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. xxiii.</ref>

: | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – – – | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – ᴗ – |   &nbsp; (2×)

This form can be exemplified through the traditional mnemonic ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Faʿūlun Mafāʿīlun Faʿūlun Mafāʿilun}}'' ({{lang|ar|فَعولُن مَفاعيلُن فَعولُن مَفاعِلُن}}).

The final syllable of every distich rhymes throughout the whole poem; a long poem might comprise a hundred distichs. In Classical verse, each distich is a complete syntactic unit.<ref>Charles Greville Tuetey (trans.), ''Classical Arabic Poetry: 162 Poems from Imrulkais to Maʿarri'' (London: KPI, 1985), pp. 8-9.</ref>

==Variations==

The ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' records three sub-types of ''ṭawīl'' hemistich, of which the second is the most common:

# | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – – – | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – ᴗ – | * | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – – – | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – – – |
# | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – – – | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – ᴗ – | * | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – – – | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – ᴗ – |
# | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – – – | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – ᴗ – | * | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – – – | ᴗ – x | ᴗ – – |

In the rare cases where a poem requires rhyme at the end of each hemistich, the last foot of the first hemistich has the same pattern as the last foot of the second, to enable the rhyme.

In ancient poetry, the first unstressed syllable of the line is sometimes omitted, and the second foot of each hemistich can be | ᴗ – ᴗ – | instead of | ᴗ – – – |.<ref name=":0" />

==Occurrence==

''Ṭawīl'' was one of the most popular metres in early classical Arabic poetry, comprising over half the surviving corpus of pre-Islamic poetry. One early exponent was [[Imru' al-Qais]], whose ''[[Mu'allaqat|Mu‘allaqa]]'' is in the metre.<ref>Muhammad al-Sharkawi, ''The Ecology of Arabic: A Study of Arabicization'', Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, 60 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), pp. 82, 83 n. 17.</ref> Its famous opening distich runs:<ref>''Arabic Poems: A Bilingual Edition'', ed. by Marlé Hammond, Everyman's Library (New York: Knopf, 2014), p. 12.</ref>

<blockquote>
{{lang|ar|قفا نبك من ذِكرى حبيب ومنزل /	بسِقطِ اللِّوى بينَ الدَّخول فحَوْملِ}}

{{transl|ar|''qifā nabki min dhikrā ḥabībin wa-manzilī / bi-siqṭi l-liwā bayna d-dakhūli fa-ḥawmalī''}}<ref>''Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology'', trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. xxiii.</ref>

{|
|-
|| ᴗ— || — l ᴗ  ||  — || — — l || ᴗ — — l || ᴗ — ᴗ — || * || ᴗ —  — || l ᴗ — || — — || l ᴗ — ᴗ l || ᴗ — ᴗ —  
|-
||qifā || nabki || min || dhikrā || ḥabībin || wa-manzilī ||/|| bi-siqṭi l-|| liwā || bayna d-|| dakhūli || fa-ḥawmalī
|}
Stay—Let us weep at the remembrance of our beloved, at the sight of the station where her tent was raised, by the edge of yon bending sands between Dahul and Haumel.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbBCAAAAcAAJ |title=The Moallakát: Or Seven Arabian Poems, which Were Suspended on the Temple at Mecca; with a Translation, a Preliminary Discourse, and Notes Critical, Philological, Explanatory. By William Jones, Esq |date=1782 |publisher=J. Nichols |language=en}}</ref>
</blockquote>

''Ṭawīl'' is seldom used in modern Arabic poetry, but a similar pattern is found in [[Nabaṭī poetry]], and this is sometimes thought of as an acephalous, catalectic ''ṭawīl'': | – – ᴗ – – – ᴗ – – ᴗ – – |.<ref name=":0">W. Stoetzer, 'Ṭawīl', in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', ed. P. Bearman and others, 2nd edn (Leiden: Brill, 1960-2007), {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7455}}, {{ISBN|9789004161214}}.</ref>

The ''tawīl'' may be compared with the Sanskrit ''[[shloka]]'', in which similarly the 2nd and 4th [[metron (poetry)|metra]] are alternately [[trochee|trochaic]] (ᴗ – – x) and [[iamb (poetry)|iambic]] (ᴗ – ᴗ –):

: | x x x x | ᴗ – – x || x x x x | ᴗ – ᴗ – | * | x x x x | ᴗ – – x || x x x x | ᴗ – ᴗ – |

==See also==

* [[Metre (poetry)#The Arabic metres]]
* [[Arabic prosody]]
* [[Basit]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQmwT7gvR2Y A recitation of Imra' al-Qais's poem in Arabic]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7q3oIFcsvE&t=40s Another recitation]

{{Poetic meters}}
[[Category:Arabic poetry]]
[[Category:Poetic rhythm]]
[[Category:Arabic poetry forms]]
[[Category:Arabic and Central Asian poetics]]

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