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{{Short description|Hebrew niqqud vowel sign}}
{{Unreferenced|date=August 2017}}
{| align="right" class="wikitable"
 | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |'''Qamatz'''
  |-
 | colspan="2" align="center" style="background:white;height:100px"|<span style='font-size:325%; font-family:"Times New Roman", David, SBL Hebrew' dir="rtl">ָ</span>
|-
| [[Help:IPA/Hebrew|IPA]]
| style="background:white" | {{IPAblink|ä}}
|-
| [[Romanization of Hebrew|Transliteration]]
| style="background:white" | a
|-
| English approximation
| style="background:white" | sp'''a'''
|-
| Similar sound
| style="background:white" | {{transl|he|[[pataḥ]]}}
|-
 | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Example
 |-
 | colspan="2" align="center" style="background:white;height:50px"|<span style="font-size:325%;">{{Script/Hebrew|דָּג}}</span>
 |-
 | colspan="2" style="width:250px;background:white" | {{center|The word for fish in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], ''dag''. The only vowel (under [[Dalet]], the two perpendicular lines) is a qamatz.}}
|-
 | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Other [[Niqqud]]
|-
 | colspan="2" style="width:250px;background:white text-align:center;"|[[Shva|Shwa]]{{·}}[[Hiriq]]{{·}}[[Tzere]]{{·}}[[Segol]]{{·}}[[Pataḥ]]{{·}}Kamatz{{·}}[[Holam]]{{·}}[[Dagesh]]{{·}}[[Mappiq]]{{·}}[[Shuruk]]{{·}}[[Kubutz]]{{·}}[[Rafe]]{{·}}[[Shin dot|Sin/Shin Dot]]
 |}
'''Kamatz''' or '''qamatz'''  ({{langx|he|label=[[Modern Hebrew]]|קָמָץ}}, {{IPA|he|kaˈmats|IPA}}; alternatively {{lang|he|קָמֶץ}} {{transl|he|qāmeṣ}}) is a [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] [[niqqud]] ([[vowel]]) sign represented by two [[perpendicular]] lines (looking like an [[uppercase]] [[T]]) {{angle bracket|<big>{{Script/Hebrew|&nbsp;&#x05B8;&nbsp;}}</big>  }} underneath a letter. In [[modern Hebrew]], it usually indicates the [[phoneme]] {{IPAslink|ä|a}} which is the "[[a]]" sound in the word ''spa'' and is [[Romanization of Hebrew|transliterated]] as ''a''. In these cases, its sound is identical to the sound of ''{{transl|he|[[pataḥ]]}}'' in [[modern Hebrew]]. In a minority of cases it indicates the phoneme {{IPAslink|o̞|o}}, equal to the sound of ''{{transl|he|[[holam|ḥolam]]}}''. In traditional [[Ashkenazi Hebrew]] pronunciation, qamatz is pronounced as the phoneme {{IPAslink|ɔ}}, which becomes {{IPAslink|u}} in some contexts in southern Ashkenazi dialects.

==Qamatz Qaṭan, Qamatz Gadol, Ḥataf Qamatz==

===Qamatz Qaṭan vs. Qamatz Gadol===
{{anchor|Qamatz Qaṭan}}{{anchor|Qamatz Gadol}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Biblical Hebrew
! Tiberian phoneme
! Tiberian vowel
! Babylonian phoneme
! Modern Hebrew
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|/a/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|[a]}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Patach
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|[a]}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Patach
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|/aː/}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; valign:center;" | {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; valign:center;" | Kamatz
| style="text-align: center;" | Kamatz Gadol
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|/o/}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; valign:center;" | {{IPA|[o]}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Kamatz Katan
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|/oː/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|[o]}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Holam
| style="text-align: center;" | Holam
|}
The Hebrew of the late centuries BCE and early centuries of the [[Common Era]] had a system with five [[phoneme|phonemic]] long vowels {{IPA|/aː eː iː oː uː/}} and five short vowels {{IPA|/a e i o u/}}.

In the later dialects of the 1st millennium CE, phonemic vowel length disappeared, and instead was automatically determined by the context, with vowels pronounced long in [[syllable#open syllable|open syllables]] and short in closed ones.  However, the previous vowel phonemes merged in various ways that differed from dialect to dialect:
* In [[Tiberian Hebrew]], which underlies [[Tiberian vocalization|the written system of vowels]], short {{IPA|/a/}} became {{IPA|[a]}} (indicated by ''{{transl|he|pataḥ}}''); long {{IPA|/oː/}} became {{IPA|[o]}} (indicated by ''{{transl|he|[[holam|ḥolam]]}}''); while {{IPA|/aː/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} both merged into an in-between sound {{IPA|[ɔ]}} (similar to the vowel in English "caught" without the [[cot-caught merger]]), which was indicated by qamatz.
* In the [[Babylonian vocalization]], however, short and long variants simply merged, with {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} becoming [a], while {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} became [o]; and this system underlies the pronunciation of [[Modern Hebrew]].

The result is that in Modern Hebrew, the vowel written with qamatz might be pronounced as either [a] or [o], depending on historical origin.  It is often said that the two sounds can be distinguished by context:
*The qamatz sound of {{IPA|[o]}}, known as '''{{transl|he|Qamatz Qaṭan}}''' ({{langx|he|קָמַץ קָטָן}}, {{IPA|he|kaˈmats kaˈtan|IPA}}, "little qamatz") occurs in a "closed syllable", i.e. one which ends in a consonant marked with a [[Shva|shwa nakh]] (zero vowel) or with a [[Dagesh#Dagesh Ḥazak|{{transl|he|dagesh ḥazaq}}]] (which indicates that the consonant was pronounced [[gemination|geminated]], i.e. doubled);
*The qamatz sound of {{IPA|[a]}}, known as '''{{transl|he|Qamatz Gadol}}''' ({{langx|he|קָמַץ גָּדוֹל}} {{IPA|he|kaˈmats ɡaˈdol|}}, "big qamatz") occurs in an "open syllable", i.e. any other circumstance: one which ends in a consonant followed by a normal vowel, a consonant at the end of a word and with no vowel marking, or a consonant marked with a [[shva|shwa na]] (originally pronounced {{IPA|[ə]}}).

Unfortunately, the two varieties of shwa are written identically, and pronounced identically in Modern Hebrew; as a result, there is no reliable way to distinguish the two varieties of qamatz when followed by a vowel marked with a shwa. (In some cases, Biblical texts are marked with a ''[[metheg]]'' or other [[Hebrew cantillation|cantillation]] mark that helps to indicate which pronunciation is intended, but this usage is not consistent, and in any case such marks are absent in non-Biblical texts.) It should also be noted that there are examples of qamatz qaṭan appearing in open syllables, such as in the plural of [[wikt:שורש|{{Script/Hebrew|שֹׁרֶשׁ}}]] ({{IPA|he|ˈʃo.ʁɛʃ|}}, "root"), [[wikt:שורש|{{Script/Hebrew|שׇׁרָשִׁים}}]] ({{IPA|he|ʃo.ʁa.ˈʃim|}}).

An example of the ''qamatz qatan'' is the Modern Hebrew word {{Script/Hebrew|תׇּכְנִית}} ({{IPA|he|toχˈnit|}}, "program").

According to the standard [[Hebrew spelling]] rules as published by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]], words which have a qamatz qatan in their base form must be written without a [[Waw (letter)|vav]], hence the standard vowel-less spelling of {{Script/Hebrew|תׇּכְנִית}} is {{Script/Hebrew|תכנית}}.  In practice, however, Modern Hebrew words containing a qamatz qatan do add a ''vav'' {{angle bracket|{{Script/Hebrew|ו}}}} to indicate the {{IPA|[o]}} pronunciation; hence the nonstandard (also termed "excessive") spelling {{Script/Hebrew|תוכנית}} is common in newspapers and is even used in several dictionaries, for example [[Rav Milim]]. Words which in their base form have a [[holam|{{transl|he|ḥolam}}]] that changes to {{transl|he|qamatz qaṭan}} in declension retain the ''vav'' in vowel-less spelling: the noun {{Script/Hebrew|חֹפֶשׁ}} ({{IPA|he|ˈχofeʃ|}}, "freedom") is spelled {{Script/Hebrew|חופש}} in vowel-less texts; the adjective {{Script/Hebrew|חָפְשִׁי}} ({{IPA|he|χofˈʃi|}}, "free") is spelled {{Script/Hebrew|חופשי}} in vowel-less text, despite the use of qamatz qatan, both according to the standard spelling and in common practice.

Some books print the {{transl|he|qamatz qaṭan}} differently, although the way in which they do is not consistent. For example, in siddur [[Rinat Yisrael]] the vertical line of qamatz qatan is longer. In [[Siddur Sim Shalom]], the horizontal line is separated from the bottom. In a book of ''[[Psalms]]'' used by some [[Breslov (Hasidic group)|Breslov hassidim]] the qamatz qatan is bolder. In the popular niqqud textbook ''Niqqud halakha le-maase'' by [[Nisan Netser]], the qamatz qatan is printed as an encircled qamatz for didactic purposes.

[[Unicode]] defines the code point {{unichar|05C7|HEBREW POINT QAMATS QATAN}}, although its usage is not required.

===Ḥaṭaf Qamatz===
'''{{transl|he|Ḥaṭaf Qamatz}}''' ({{langx|he|חֲטַף קָמַץ|}}, {{IPA|he|χaˈtaf kaˈmats|IPA}}) is a "reduced qamatz". Like qamatz qatan, it is pronounced {{IPAblink|o̞|o}}, but the rationale for its usage is different: it replaces the [[shva]] on letters which require a shva according to the grammar, but where the traditional pronunciation is {{IPAblink|o̞|o}}. This mostly happens with gutturals, for example in {{Script/Hebrew|אֳרָנִים}} ({{IPA|he|oʁaˈnim|}}, "pines", the plural form of {{Script/Hebrew|אֹרֶן}}, {{IPA|he|ˈoʁen|}}), but occasionally also on other letters, for example  {{Script/Hebrew|שֳׁרָשִׁים}} ({{IPA|he|ʃoʁaˈʃim|}}, "roots", another plural of {{Script/Hebrew|שֹׁרֶשׁ}} {{IPA|he|ˈʃoʁeʃ|}}); and {{Script/Hebrew|צִפֳּרִים}} ({{IPA|he|tsipoˈʁim|}}, "birds", the plural of {{Script/Hebrew|צִפּוֹר}} ({{IPA|he|tsiˈpoʁ|}}).

==Pronunciation and transliteration==
The following table contains the [[pronunciation]] and [[transliteration]] of the different qamatzes in reconstructed historical forms and [[dialect]]s using the [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]]. The transcription in IPA is above and the transliteration is below.

The letters [[Beth (letter)|Bet]] {{angle bracket|{{Script/Hebrew|ב}}}} and [[Heth (letter)|Het]] {{angle bracket|{{Script/Hebrew|ח}}}} used in this table are only for demonstration, any letter can be used.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=3 | Symbol 
! rowspan=3 | Name
! rowspan=3 | English
!! colspan=7 | [[help:IPA|Pronunciation]]
|-
!! rowspan=2 | [[Modern Hebrew|Modern]]
!! rowspan=2 | [[Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi]]
!! rowspan=2 | [[Sephardi Hebrew|Sephardi]]
!! rowspan=2 | [[Yemenite Hebrew|Yemenite]]
!! rowspan=2 | [[Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian]]
!! colspan=2 | Reconstructed 
|-
! [[Mishnaic Hebrew|Mishnaic]] !! [[Biblical Hebrew|Biblical]]
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| {{Script/Hebrew|בָ}}
| rowspan=2 |Qamatz Gadol
| rowspan=2 |Big Qamatz
|{{IPA|[ä]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ~u]}} || {{IPA|[ä]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ]}}|| ? || {{IPA|[a:]}}
|-
| a || o,u|| a || o || ā || ? || ā
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| {{Script/Hebrew|בָה}}, {{Script/Hebrew|בָא}}
| rowspan=2 | Qamatz Male
| rowspan=2 | Full Qamatz
|{{IPA|[ä]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ~u]}} || {{IPA|[ä]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ]}}|| ? || {{Ipa|[ɐː]}}
|-
| a || o,u|| a || o || â || ? || a
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| {{Script/Hebrew|בׇ}}
| rowspan=2 | Qamatz Qatan
| rowspan=2 | Little Qamatz
| {{IPA|[o̞]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || {{IPA|[o̞]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || ? || {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
|-
| o || o|| o || o || o || ? || u
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| {{Script/Hebrew|חֳ}}
| rowspan=2 | Hataf Qamatz
| rowspan=2 | Reduced Qamatz
| {{IPA|[o̞]}}  || {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || {{IPA|[o̞]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ̆]}}  || ? || {{Ipa|[ɔ̝]}}
|-
| o || o|| o || o || ŏ || ? || u
|-
|}

==Vowel length comparison==
These vowel lengths are not manifested in Modern Hebrew. The short ''o'' ({{transl|he|''qamatz qaṭan''}}) and long ''a'' (''qamatz'') have the same ''niqqud''. Because of this, the short ''o'' ({{transl|he|Qamatz Qaṭan}}) is usually promoted to a long ''o'' ({{transl|he|''[[holam]] male''}}) in Israeli writing, written as a ''vav'' {{angle bracket|{{Script/Hebrew|ו}}}}, for the sake of disambiguation.

By adding two vertical dots (''[[shva]]'') the vowel is made very short.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!! colspan=6 | Vowel comparison table
|- align=center
!! colspan=3 | [[Vowel length]]
!! rowspan=2 | [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
!! rowspan=2 | [[Transliteration]]
!! rowspan=2 | English<br/>approximation
|-
! Long
! Short
! Very Short
|- align=center
|style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Script/Hebrew| ָ  }}
|style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Script/Hebrew| ַ  }}
|style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Script/Hebrew| ֲ  }}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAblink|ä|a}} 
| rowspan="2" | a
| rowspan="2" |  sp'''a'''
|-
| ''qamatz''
| ''Pataḥ''
|''Reduced pataḥ''
|- align=center
|style="font-size:24px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Script/Hebrew| וֹ }}
|style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Script/Hebrew| ׇ  }}
|style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Script/Hebrew| ֳ  }}
| rowspan="2" |  {{IPAblink|o̞|o}}
| rowspan="2" |  o
| rowspan="2" |  c'''o'''re
|-
| ''{{transl|he|[[Holam|Ḥolam]]}}''
| ''{{transl|he|Qamatz qaṭan}}''
| ''Reduced qamatz''
|}

==Unicode encoding==
{| class="wikitable"
! Glyph
! Unicode
! Name
|-
| <big>{{Script/Hebrew| ָ  }}</big>
|U+05B8
|QAMATS 
|-
| <big>{{Script/Hebrew| ֳ  }}</big>
| U+05B3
| HATAF QAMATS
|-
| <big>{{Script/Hebrew| &#x05C7; }}</big>
| U+05C7
| QAMATS QATAN
|}

Note: the glyph for QAMATS QATAN may appear empty or incorrect if one applies a font that cannot handle the glyph necessary to represent Unicode character U+05C7.<!-- It doesn't work on XP, but works on Vista. --> Usually this Unicode character isn't used and is substituted with the similar looking QAMATS (U+05B8).

{{Hebrew language}}

[[Category:Niqqud]]

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