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Hurdia

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Hurdia
Temporal range: Mid Cambrian, 518–505 Ma
Reconstruction of H. victoria (top) and H. triangulata
Disarticulated fossils
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Order: †Radiodonta
Family: †Hurdiidae
Genus: †Hurdia
Walcott, 1912
Type species
†Hurdia victoria
Walcott, 1912
Other species
  • †H. triangulata Walcott, 1912
  • †?H. hospes Chlupach and Kordule, 2002

Hurdia is an extinct genus of hurdiid radiodont that lived 505 million years ago during the Cambrian Period. Fossils have been found in North America, China and the Czech Republic.

Description

Hurdia was one of the largest organisms in the Cambrian oceans, H. victoria reached approximately 30 cm (12 in) in length, while H. triangulata reached up to just 8 cm (3.1 in).[1] Its head bore a pair of frontal appendages. These frontal appendages had 9 or more rarely 10 or 11 segments/podomeres, which were approximately rectangular and decreased in size towards the end of the appendage. The upper surface of the appendage was convexly curved. Podomeres 2 to 6 bore long downward pointing spines (ventral spines) with forward-curving tips. These ventral spines themselves bore up to 9 equally spaced forward-facing spines dubbed auxiliary spines, with podomeres 7 and 8 bearing shorter, smooth forward curving spines. The frontal appenages were used to bring food to its ring-shaped mouth (oral cone), in which four large plates are present, with inner rows of spines inside the main cone.[2] Like other hurdiids, Hurdia bore a large frontal carapace protruding from its head composed of three sclerites: a central component known as the H-element and two lateral components known as P-elements. Originally, it is estimated that body flaps ran along the sides of the organisms, from which large gills were suspended.[3] However, anatomy of Aegirocassis clarified that Hurdia had both ventral and dorsal flaps, and gills were on trunk segments.[4]

  • Movement range of the frontal appendage
    Movement range of the frontal appendage
  • Interpretations of placements (A based on articulated specimens, B based on speculation from Cambroraster) of the frontal appendages and mouthparts of Hurdia
    Interpretations of placements (A based on articulated specimens, B based on speculation from Cambroraster) of the frontal appendages and mouthparts of Hurdia
  • Morphology of the oral cone
    Morphology of the oral cone
  • Size comparison of the two species
    Size comparison of the two species
  • Hurdia frontal appendage
    Hurdia frontal appendage

Ecology

Hurdia is either suggested to have used its frontal appendages to sift small prey from sediment, or to have used them as a trap to capture larger benthic (seafloor dwelling) prey.[5]

Distribution

Hurdia had cosmopolitan distribution; two described species has been recovered from the Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada. In addition, H. victoria is also known from the Spence Shale in Utah, USA.[6] Unnamed species are known from Qingjiang biota in Hubei, China, Pioche Shale in Nevada, USA, and Wheeler Shale in Utah, USA.[6][7] Huangshandongia yichangensis and Liantuoia inflata from the Shuijingtuo Formation in Hubei, China, and Proboscicaris hospes from the Jince Formation of the Czech Republic (which is called as Hurdia hospes in some paper[8]), and unnamed fossil from Ordovician Fezouata Formation would represent species of Hurdia as well.[3][2]

Taxonomic history

Hurdia was named in 1912 by Charles Walcott, with two species, the type species H. victoria and a referred species, H. triangulata.[9] The genus name refers to Mount Hurd.[9] It is possible that Walcott had described a specimen the year prior as Amiella, but the specimen is too fragmentary to identify with certainty, so Amiella is a nomen dubium.[10] Walcott's original specimens consisted only of H-elements of the frontal carapace, which he interpreted as being the carapace of an unidentified type of crustacean. P-elements of the carapace were described as a separate genus, Proboscicaris, in 1962.

In 1996, then-curator of the Royal Ontario Museum Desmond H. Collins erected the taxon Radiodonta to encompass Anomalocaris and its close relatives, and included both Hurdia and Proboscicaris in the group.[11] He subsequently recognized that Proboscicaris and Hurdia were based on different parts of the same animal, and recognized that a specimen previously assigned to Peytoia was also a specimen of the species.[10] He presented his ideas in informal articles,[12][13] and it was not until 2009, after three years of painstaking research, that the complete organism was reconstructed.[3][14][15][16]

Sixty-nine specimens of Hurdia are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.13% of the community.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Pates, Stephen (2018-09-14). "New suspension-feeding radiodont suggests evolution of microplanktivory in Cambrian macronekton". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3774. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3774L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06229-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6138677. PMID 30218075.
  2. ^ a b Daley, Allison C.; Budd, Graham E.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (October 2013). "Morphology and systematics of the anomalocaridid arthropod Hurdia from the Middle Cambrian of British Columbia and Utah". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (7): 743–787. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.732723. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 86465719.
  3. ^ a b c Daley, A. C.; Budd, G. E.; Caron, J. B.; Edgecombe, G. D.; Collins, D. (2009). "The Burgess Shale anomalocaridid Hurdia and its significance for early euarthropod evolution". Science. 323 (5921): 1597–1600. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1597D. doi:10.1126/science.1169514. PMID 19299617. S2CID 206517995.
  4. ^ Van Roy, Peter; Daley, Allison C.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2015). "Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps". Nature. 522 (7554): 77–80. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...77V. doi:10.1038/nature14256. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25762145. S2CID 205242881.
  5. ^ De Vivo, Giacinto; Lautenschlager, Stephan; Vinther, Jakob (2021-07-28). "Three-dimensional modelling, disparity and ecology of the first Cambrian apex predators". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1955): 20211176. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1176. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 8292756. PMID 34284622.
  6. ^ a b Pates, Stephen; Daley, Allison C.; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2018). "Hurdiid radiodontans from the middle Cambrian (Series 3) of Utah". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (1): 99–113. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.11. ISSN 0022-3360.
  7. ^ Pates, Stephen; Daley, Allison C.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Cong, Peiyun; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2021). Zhang, Xi‐Guang (ed.). "Systematics, preservation and biogeography of radiodonts from the southern Great Basin, USA , during the upper Dyeran (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4)". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (1): 235–262. doi:10.1002/spp2.1277. ISSN 2056-2799.
  8. ^ Sun, Zhixin; Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fangchen (2020-11-15). "A new middle Cambrian radiodont from North China: Implications for morphological disparity and spatial distribution of hurdiids". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 558: 109947. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109947. ISSN 0031-0182.
  9. ^ a b Walcott, Charles D. (1912-03-13). "Middle Cambrian Branchiopoda, Malacostraca, Trilobita, and Merostomata". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 57 (6).
  10. ^ a b Daley, Allison C.; Budd, Graham E.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2013). "Morphology and systematics of the anomalocaridid arthropod Hurdia from the Middle Cambrian of British Columbia and Utah". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (7): 743–787. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.732723. S2CID 86465719.
  11. ^ Collins, Desmond (1996). "The "Evolution" of Anomalocaris and Its Classification in the Arthropod Class Dinocarida (nov.) and Order Radiodonta (nov.)". Journal of Paleontology. 70 (2): 280–293. Bibcode:1996JPal...70..280C. doi:10.1017/S0022336000023362. JSTOR 1306391. S2CID 131622496.
  12. ^ D. Collins, in North American Paleontological Convention, Chicago, Abstracts with Programs, S. Lidgard, P. R. Crane, Eds. (The Paleontological Society, Special Publication 6, Chicago, IL, 1992), p. 66, 11.
  13. ^ D. Collins (1999). "Dinocarids: the first monster predators on earth". Rotunda. Vol. 32. Royal Ontario Museum. p. 25.
  14. ^ Fossil fragments reveal 500-million-year-old monster predator.
  15. ^ New animal discovered by Canadian researcher.
  16. ^ Scientists identify T-Rex of the sea
  17. ^ Caron, Jean-Bernard; Jackson, Donald A. (October 2006). "Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale". PALAIOS. 21 (5): 451–65. Bibcode:2006Palai..21..451C. doi:10.2110/palo.2003.P05-070R. JSTOR 20173022. S2CID 53646959.
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