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{{Short description|Internet exchange point in Sweden}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = Netnod
| full_name                = Netnod AB
| logo                     = Netnod logo.svg
| logo_size                = 
| logo_alt                 = 
| logo_caption             = 
| image                    = 
| image_size               = 
| alt                      = <!-- see [[WP:ALT]] -->
| caption                  = 
| abbreviation             = 
| motto                    = 
| predecessor              = 
| merged                   = <!-- any other organization(s) which it was merged into -->
| successor                = 
| formation                = {{start date and age|1996}}
| founder                  = <!-- or |founders = -->
| founding_location        = 
| merger                   = <!-- other organizations (if any) merged with, to constitute the new organization -->
| type                     = [[Limited company]] fully owned by [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]]{{Clarify|date=October 2024}}
| vat_id                   = 556534-0014
| purpose                  = <!-- or |focus = --><!-- humanitarian, activism, peacekeeping, etc. -->
| location_city            = [[Stockholm]]
| location_country         = [[Sweden]]
| parent_organization      = TU-stiftelsen (''Stiftelsen för Telematikens utveckling'')
| origins                  = 
| region_served            = <!-- or |area_served = or |region = -->
| products                 = <!-- or |product = -->
| services                 = [[Root name server]], [[Internet exchange point]]s
| fields                   = <!-- or |field = -->
| leader_title             = CEO
| leader_name              = Karin Ahl<ref name="ceo">{{cite web |title=The Netnod Team: Karin Ahl |url=https://www.netnod.se/about-netnod/karin-ahl|website=Netnod |access-date=21 August 2023}}</ref>
| board_of_directors       = 
| main_organ               = <!-- or |publication = --><!-- organization's principal body (assembly, committee, board, etc.) or publication -->
| affiliations             = 
| funding                  = <!-- source of funding e.g. for "think tanks" -->
| awards                   = 
| website                  = {{URL|netnod.se}}
| module                   = {{infobox network service provider|child=yes|asn=8674}}
}}

'''Netnod AB''' (previously '''Netnod Internet Exchange i Sverige AB''') is a private [[limited company]] based in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], that operates [[Internet exchange point]]s and manages one of the thirteen [[root name server]]s for the [[Domain Name System]] (DNS). It also distributes the official Swedish time through the [[Network Time Protocol]] (NTP). It is fully owned by the nonprofit foundation TU-stiftelsen / TU-foundation (''Stiftelsen för Telematikens utveckling'', eng ''The Foundation for the development of [[telematics]]'').<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=About Netnod: working at core of the Internet |url=https://www.netnod.se/about-netnod/netnod---working-at-core-of-the-internet |website=Netnod |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref>

== History ==

The predecessor to the TU Foundation / Netnod was the D-GIX, an Internet exchange point that was established at the [[Royal Institute of Technology]] (KTH) in [[Stockholm]] and operated by KTHNOC. D-GIX had been one of the first IXes established in Europe, and quite successful at that. In 1996 a report by a committee, ({{langx|sv|Internetutredningen}}) had listed infrastructure that was critical for the operation of the Internet in Sweden. Among the critical infrastructure listed was a robust and reliable Internet exchange. A number of factors led KTH as well as the Swedish [[Internet service providers|ISP]]s to conclude that a separate legal entity would be a better operational format. After legal consultations, and seeing that the Swedish government seemed keen to play a role in the infrastructure operation, the Swedish ISPs decided to found the TU Foundation. The initial capital came from a government set up foundation, the Knowledge Foundation, [[KK-stiftelsen]], one of the largest Swedish research foundations. The idea behind the ownership model with the foundation was that it would guarantee independence from the operators as well as from the government. Linkage to the operational community comes from the fact that the Swedish university network [[SUNET]] appoints one of the board members, and the Swedish Network Users Society (SNUS) one of the Netnod board members. These two directly appointed board members jointly appoints the third board member.

The TU-Foundation established the operational company Netnod to run the IX. In the beginning Netnod had no staff of its own and all operations were outsourced to the [[Swedish Armed Forces|Swedish military]]. In 2001, Netnod created fully owned a subsidiary called Autonomica. Autonomica was to run the operations for Netnod (whom then as well as now, do not have any staff of its own) as well as run the i.root-servers.net on behalf of [[NORDUnet]] and conduct Internet-related research. In the beginning the staff mainly focused on DNS and management and the operations continued to be outsourced to the military. However, finally in 2002 Autonomica's staff grew considerably and the contract with the military was ended. Operations is today done entirely by Netnod staff.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=Netnod's history |url=https://www.netnod.se/about-netnod/netnod-history |website=Netnod |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref>

== Internet exchange points ==
The Netnod IX has among the highest amount of traffic per peer in Europe and is fully enabled for [[IPv6]] traffic. Netnod operates six [[Internet exchange point]]s (IXPs) in five different cities where Internet operators can connect and exchange traffic—in other words, [[Peering|peer]] with one another. They are located in [[Stockholm]], [[Gothenburg]], [[Luleå]], [[Malmö]], as well as [[Copenhagen]] in [[Denmark]]. It also distributes the official Swedish time through the two time protocols [[Network Time Protocol]] (NTP) and Network Time Security (NTS, roughly NTP with security).<ref name="history"/>

At the Netnod IXPs, Netnod provides a variety of value-adding services such as the RIPE [[Internet Routing Registry]] (IRR), Bredbandskollen (a consumer broadband speed test), slave services for several DNS TLDs, the [[DNS root server]] i.root-servers.net. These services are provided as part of Netnod's [[Autonomous system (Internet)|AS]] number AS8674. Netnod also manages a variety of DNS services. Netnod provides [[anycast]] and [[unicast]] slave service to TLDs worldwide through its DNSNODE product. Some of the services above were previously offered through Autonomica, a fully owned subsidiary of Netnod; in 2010, however Autonomica merged with Netnod.

From the beginning, as was cited in the Internetutredningen report, the IX operated by Netnod was considered as critical national infrastructure. Netnod therefore in 1997 agreed with the Swedish telecommunications regulator to locate the IX equipment in government operated secure telecommunications bunkers. In addition, it was agreed that operations should not be dependent on Stockholm alone. Netnod therefore established IXes in [[Stockholm]], [[Gothenburg]], [[Malmö]], and [[Sundsvall]]. All of these locations were in the government bunkers, as opposed to co-location facilities as the case in most other countries. The exchanges are independent and not linked, so operators connected in one city will only see other operators connected in the same city. However, most of the larger Swedish providers are connected at all four cities. Netnod since 2004 also operates an IX in [[Luleå]].

== Autonomica ==
'''Autonomica''' AB was a fully owned subsidiary of Netnod that operated several critical infrastructure pieces on the Internet. Autonomica is currently (in 2022), in a legal sense, a brand of Netnod AB since the merger of the two previously separate organisations.

Autonomica was founded in 1998, as a Netnod [[subsidiary]]. The Swedish Operator Forum had been discussing extending the operations of Netnod to include common infrastructure services, as well as taking on staff. It was decided that Netnod would form a separate entity for the operation of the [[Internet Exchange Point]] and that that would also be chartered to do research in Internet Technology with a main focus on [[Domain name system|DNS]]. Autonomica was set up with three staff, one responsible for co-ordination of the operation of the IXes and two that were moved from the [[Royal Institute of Technology]] in [[Stockholm]]. It was also agreed between the Swedish University Network [[SUNET]], and Autonomica that Autonomica would take over the responsibility for running the [https://web.archive.org/web/19990208004722/http://i.root-servers.net/i.root-servers.net]. In addition to that, Autonomica was also to operate the [[.SE]] slave servers at each of the four original Netnod Exchanges. Financial surplus was to be handed to the foundation to be used as grants for "good for the Internet" projects.

Autonomica was originally to focus on "research". The work came to focus on what can best be described as engineering and applied research, as often is the case with Internet-related technology, such as the work in the [[IETF]]. Autonomica staff has since the start been very active in the IETF and among other things co-chaired the [[IETF]] [http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/dnsop-charter.html DNSOP] working group, multi6 working group (now closed), [https://tools.ietf.org/wg/shim6/charters shim6] working group and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20090710124043/http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/v6ops-charter.html v6ops] working group. Autonomica staff has also served on the [[Internet Architecture Board|IAB]]. The work done by Autonomica has mainly focused on [[DNSSEC]] and Autonomica staff has written many [[Internet Draft]]s and [[Request for Comments|RFC]]s on [[DNSSEC]] issues and deployability. Recently a lot of work and presentations has been done on the topic of deploying IPv6 in production environment.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Autonomica staff are also frequently involved in presenting and chairing sessions in operational conferences such as [[RIPE]], [[APRICOT (conference)|APRICOT]] /[[APNIC]], [[SANOG]], [[MENOG (conference)|MENOG]] and [[North American Network Operators' Group|NANOG]]. Autonomica has also helped run several workshops and initiatives among the Swedish Operators.

Autonomica provides several for free services for the good of the Internet, such as i.root-servers.net, one of the 13 [[Root-server]]s, and [[Network Time Protocol|NTP]] servers tied to [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. Autonomica also finances its operation by sharing the platform used for [[Anycast]] of the i.root-servers.net with several TLDs that make use of the platform.

== Technology ==

The first D-GIX was a 10&nbsp;Mbit/s switch. By the time D-GIX was replaced by Netnod, the exchange point consisted of two [[FDDI]] switches in [[Stockholm]] and one was also installed in [[Gothenburg]]. Around 1998, the FDDI circuits were filled and traffic was heavily impacted by [[head-of-line blocking]]. At a Swedish Operator Forum meeting the alternatives were discussed. The options were basically two. The new [[Gigabit Ethernet]] standard, and a standard developed by [[Cisco]] called [[Spatial Reuse Protocol]] (SRP). The decision to go with SRP was basically based on the fact that at the time Gigabit Ethernet and SRP had roughly the same cost. SRP also did not have the issue of [[head-of-line blocking]], and SRP had a larger [[Maximum transmission unit|MTU]] size than what [[Gigabit Ethernet]] had at the time. So the Swedish operators decided that Netnod should implement SRP. The SRP rings installed were running at 2x622&nbsp;Mbit/s in each city.

It wasn't soon until the 2x622&nbsp;Mbit/s was not enough. Netnod then proposed to the operators to migrate to SRP 2x2.5&nbsp;Gbit/s, which was also installed. The larger operators all moved to the new SRP rings, but the smaller operators wanted a cheaper method. By 2000, Gigabit Ethernet was starting to become mass-market and the price had dropped compared to SRP. Gigabit Ethernet had by then also implemented [[jumbo frame]]s. Netnod said they were willing to implement Gigabit Ethernet, but wanted eight operators to promise to sign up to cover the costs. In the meantime, some operators went off and created an alternative, Ethernet-based IX, [[SOL-IX]]. However, Netnod managed to get their eight customers quite fast and built out Gigabit Ethernet at all cities. For 2 years, the old FDDI exchange (that was still operational) was connected to the Ethernet switches, but by the end of 2002, all SRP and FDDI equipment had been migrated away from.

Today the Netnod platform consists of single-chassis [[Gigabit Ethernet]] switches at each location.

As of 2012 Netnod also offers remote peering through a reseller program, Netnod Reach.

== See also ==
* [[List of Internet exchange points]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://isoc.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/de_byggde_internet.pdf ''The book, they built Internet in Sweden''] ({{langx|sv|De byggde Internet i Sverige}})
*''[https://isoc.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/De-byggde-Internet_2009_inlaga_webb.pdf They Built Internet in Sweden]''

== External links ==
*[https://www.netnod.se/ Netnod web site]
*[https://www.euro-ix.net Euro-IX]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010501081909/http://www.autonomica.se/ Autonomica]
* [http://www.root-servers.org Root-servers home page]

[[Category:Internet in Sweden]]
[[Category:Internet exchange points in Europe]]

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