韌

See also: 韧

韌	U+97CC, 韌 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-97CC

← 韋
[U+97CB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

韍 →
[U+97CD]

Translingual

Han character

韌 (Kangxi radical 178, 韋+3, 12 strokes, cangjie input 木手尸竹戈 (DQSHI), four-corner 4754₇, composition ⿰韋刃)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1393, character 10
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43109
Dae Jaweon: page 1908, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4503, character 7
Unihan data for U+97CC

Chinese

trad.		韌
simp.		韧

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 韌
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (刃) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
涊	nɯːnʔ, njɯnʔ
紉	*nɯn
忍	*njɯnʔ
荵	*njɯnʔ
刃	*njɯns
認	njɯns, njɯŋs
仞	*njɯns
軔	*njɯns
韌	*njɯns
肕	*njɯns
牣	*njɯns
杒	*njɯns
訒	*njɯns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯns) : semantic 韋 + phonetic 刃 (OC *njɯns).

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): rèn (ren⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ren³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngan⁶ / jan⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngin¹
Gan (Wiktionary): nyin⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngiun

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngiun⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): reng³
Eastern Min (BUC): nông / êng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nong⁵ / nuong⁵ / zing³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lūn / jūn / lǔn / līm / jīm / līn / jīn

(Teochew, Peng'im): rung⁷ / rim²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gnin; ⁶zen
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ren⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: rèn
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: rèn
  - Wade–Giles: jên⁴
  - Yale: rèn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renn
  - Palladius: жэнь (žɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐən⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ren³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhen
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /zən⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ngan⁶ / jan⁶
  - Yale: ngahn / yahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngan⁶ / jan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngen⁶ / yen⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɐn²²/, /jɐn²²/

Note:

ngan6 - vernacular;
jan6 - literary.

(Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngin¹
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡin³³/

Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nyin⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲin¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiun
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngiun
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngiun⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯un⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngiun⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋiun⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: reng³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʐəŋ⁴⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: nông / êng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nˡouŋ²⁴²/, /ɛiŋ²⁴²/

Note:

nông - vernacular;
êng - literary.

Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: nong⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nɔŋ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: nuong⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nuoŋ²¹/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zing³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zing³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siŋ³³²/

Note:

nong5/nuong5 - vernacular;
zing3 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Yilan, Hsinchu, Taichung, Kinmen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lūn
  - Tâi-lô: lūn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lun
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lun⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Yilan): /lun³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /lun²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Sanxia, Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jūn
  - Tâi-lô: jūn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jun
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /zun³³/
  - IPA (Tainan): /d͡zun³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zun²²/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lǔn
  - Tâi-lô: lǔn
  - IPA (Lukang): /lun³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: līm
  - Tâi-lô: līm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lim
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lim²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lim⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jīm
  - Tâi-lô: jīm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jim
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zim²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: līn
  - Tâi-lô: līn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lin
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lin⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lin²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jīn
  - Tâi-lô: jīn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jin
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin²²/

Note:

lūn/jūn/lǔn - vernacular;
līm/jīm, līn/jīn - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: rung⁷ / rim²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jūng / jím
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡zuŋ¹¹/, /d͡zim⁵²/

Note:

rung7 - vernacular;
rim2 - literary.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gnin; ⁶zen
  - MiniDict: nyin^去; zen^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyin; ³zen
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲin²³/, /zən²³/

Note:

3nyin - vernacular;
3zen - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ren⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐən⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: nyinH

Rime
Character	韌
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	而振切
Baxter	nyinH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵiɪn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵin^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑjen^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵin^H/
Li Rong	/ȵiĕn^H/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭĕn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ĕn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rèn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jan⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*njɯns/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	韌
Reading #	1/1
No.	10835
Phonetic component	刃
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	刃
Old Chinese	/*njɯns/
Notes	見管子

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Dungan”

Definitions

韌

strong; tough; robust; sturdy
(Cantonese) tough; hard to chew or cut
我覺得呢塊肉韌咗啲。 [Cantonese, trad.]
我觉得呢块肉韧咗啲。 [Cantonese, simp.]
ngo⁵ gok³ dak¹ nei¹ faai³ juk⁶ ngan⁶ zo² di¹. [Jyutping]
I think this piece of meat is a bit too tough.

Synonyms

(strong): (Hokkien) 鞫

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “strong”): 脆 (cuì)

Compounds

堅韌／坚韧 (jiānrèn)
堅韌不拔／坚韧不拔 (jiānrènbùbá)
強韌／强韧
柔韌／柔韧 (róurèn)
韌帶／韧带 (rèndài)
韌幹／韧干
韌性／韧性 (rènxìng)
韌戰／韧战
韌皮纖維／韧皮纤维
韌皮部／韧皮部 (rènpíbù)

References

莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “韧”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 415.
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “韧”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 197.

Japanese

Kanji

韌

(Hyōgai kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

On (unclassified): じん (jin)、にん (nin)
Kun: しなやか (shinayaka)