鋼

See also: 钢

鋼	U+92FC, 鋼 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-92FC

← 鋻
[U+92FB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鋽 →
[U+92FD]

Translingual

Han character

鋼 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+8, 16 strokes, cangjie input 金月廿山 (CBTU), four-corner 8712₀, composition ⿰釒岡)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1309, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40509
Dae Jaweon: page 1810, character 25
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4220, character 5
Unihan data for U+92FC

Chinese

trad.		鋼
simp.		钢
alternative forms		鎠

Wikipedia has an article on:

鋼

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (岡) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
岡	*klaːŋ
崗	*klaːŋ
剛	*klaːŋ
掆	klaːŋ, klaːŋs
鋼	klaːŋ, klaːŋs
綱	*klaːŋ
犅	*klaːŋ
堈	*klaːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːŋ, *klaːŋs) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 岡 (OC *klaːŋ).

Etymology

Along with 剛 (OC *klaːŋ, “hard, firm, stiff”), derived from the terminative of 固 (OC *kaːs, “firm, solid, hard”), literally "having become solid, hard" (Schuessler, 2007).

For the identity of the unknown preinitial *C reconstructed by Baxter & Sagart (2014), compare the pre-syllable *t- of Proto-Vietic *t-kaːŋ, its reflex.

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gāng (gang¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄤ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gong³ / gong¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kong

(Meixian, Guangdong): gong⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): gáung
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kǹg / kòng / kong

(Teochew, Peng'im): geng³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹kaon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gang
  - Wade–Giles: kang¹
  - Yale: gāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gang
  - Palladius: ган (gan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gong³ / gong¹
  - Yale: gong / gōng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gong³ / gong¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gong³ / gong¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ³³/, /kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

Note: gong3 - variant.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kong
  - Hakka Romanization System: gong
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /koŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kɔŋ⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gáung
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑuŋ²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kǹg
  - Tâi-lô: kǹg
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kngx
  - IPA (Taipei): /kŋ̍¹¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kŋ̍²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kŋ̍⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kòng
  - Tâi-lô: kòng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: koxng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ²¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong
  - Tâi-lô: kong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kofng
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴/

Note:

kǹg - vernacular;
kòng/kong - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: geng³
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳ̀ng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɯŋ²¹³/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹kaon
  - MiniDict: kaon^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹kaan
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kɑ̃⁵³/

Middle Chinese: kang, kangH

Rime
Character	鋼	鋼
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古郎切	古浪切
Baxter	kang	kangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑŋ/	/kɑŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑŋ/	/kɑŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑŋ/	/kɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaŋ/	/kaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/kɑŋ/	/kɑŋ^H/
Wang Li	/kɑŋ/	/kɑŋ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑŋ/	/kɑŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāng	gàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gong¹	gong³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.kˤaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*klaːŋ/, /*klaːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鋼
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gāng
Middle Chinese	‹ kang ›
Old Chinese	/*C.kˁaŋ/
English	cast iron; steel
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鋼	鋼
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	3715	3719
Phonetic component	岡	岡
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	岡	鋼
Old Chinese	/*klaːŋ/	/*klaːŋs/

Definitions

鋼

steel

Compounds

Descendants

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠭᠠᠩ (ɣang)
- Mongolian:
  Mongolian script: ᠭᠠᠩ (ɣang)
  
  Cyrillic script: ган (gan)
- → Buryat: ган (gan)
- → Tuvan: каң (kañ)
→ Manchu: ᡬᠠᠨ (g'an)
→ Tai Nüa: ᥐᥣᥒ (kaang)
→ Proto-Vietic: *t-kaːŋ (via Old Chinese)
- Middle Vietnamese:
  - Vietnamese: gang

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gàng (gang⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gong³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gàng
  - Wade–Giles: kang⁴
  - Yale: gàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ganq
  - Palladius: ган (gan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gong³
  - Yale: gong
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gong³
  - Guangdong Romanization: gong³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ³³/

Definitions

鋼

^† hard; strong; tough
to sharpen; to whet; to strop

Compounds

鋼刀布／钢刀布

References

“鋼”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

鋼

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
Kun: はがね (hagane, 鋼, Jōyō)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
鋼
はがね Grade: 6
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
刃金

刃 (ha, “blade”) +‎ 金 (kane, “metal”)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) はがね [hàgáné] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ha̠ɡa̠ne̞]

Noun

鋼(はがね) • (hagane)

steel (metal produced from iron)
鋼(はがね)のように硬(かた)い。
Hagane no yō ni katai.
Hard as steel.

Synonyms

鋼(こう)鉄(てつ) (kōtetsu)

Korean

Hanja

鋼 (eumhun 강철/굳셀 강 (gangcheol/gutsel gang))

hanja form^? of 강 (“steel”)
hanja form^? of 강 (“hard; strong”)

Compounds

강철 (鋼鐵, gangcheol, “steel”)

Vietnamese

Han character

鋼: Hán Nôm readings: cương, gang, cang

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