融

融	U+878D, 融 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-878D

Translingual

Han character

融 (Kangxi radical 142, 虫+10, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一月中一戈 (MBLMI), four-corner 1523₆, composition ⿰鬲虫)

Derived characters

瀜曧𭂧

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1092, character 42
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 33384
Dae Jaweon: page 1557, character 28
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2877, character 8
Unihan data for U+878D

Chinese

simp. and trad.		融
alternative forms		𧖓

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (蟲) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
痋	*l'uːŋ
鉵	*l'uːŋ
赨	*l'uːŋ
爞	l'uːŋ, l'uŋ
蟲	l'uŋ, l'uŋs
融	*luŋ
瀜	*luŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *luŋ) : semantic 鬲 (“cauldron”) + phonetic 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs).

Etymology

“Hot air; steam; heat” > “to melt” > “to blend”.

Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လောင် (laung, “to burn; to be burnt; to scorch”). Related to 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs, “hot; hot air; hot weather”) (as in 蟲蟲 (OC *l'uŋ/l'uŋs l'uŋ/l'uŋs)), 爞 (OC *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ, “hot weather”) and possibly the word family of *lVm: 焰 (OC *loms, “fire”).

It belongs to a word family comprising characters meaning “to melt, to smelt, to fuse, to dissolve”. In modern times the various characters have taken on their specialised meanings:

融 (OC *luŋ, “to melt (at normal temperature); to blend”)
鎔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
熔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
溶 (OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ, “to dissolve (in a liquid)”)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): róng (rong²)

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄨㄥˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yong²
Cantonese (Jyutping): jung⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): iung⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yùng

(Meixian, Guangdong): yung²
Jin (Wiktionary): yng¹
Northern Min (KCR): ě̤ng
Eastern Min (BUC): hṳ̀ng / ṳ̀ng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): iông / hiông

(Teochew, Peng'im): iong⁵ / ion⁵ / iên⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶yon
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): iong²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: róng
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: róng
  - Wade–Giles: jung²
  - Yale: rúng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rong
  - Palladius: жун (žun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐʊŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yong²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: yng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yoŋ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jung⁴
  - Yale: yùhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jung⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: iung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iuŋ³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
  - Hakka Romanization System: iung^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung²
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yung²
  - Sinological IPA: /iʊŋ¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: yng¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /yŋ¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /œyŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hṳ̀ng / ṳ̀ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyŋ⁵³/, /yŋ⁵³/

Note:

hṳ̀ng - colloquial;
ṳ̀ng - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iông
  - Tâi-lô: iông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ioong
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /iɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiông
  - Tâi-lô: hiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hioong
  - IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: iong⁵ / ion⁵ / iên⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iông / iôⁿ / iêⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ioŋ⁵⁵/, /ĩõ⁵⁵/, /ĩẽ⁵⁵/

Note: ion5/iên5 - vernacular (俗) (iên5 - Chaozhou).

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶yon
  - MiniDict: yon^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhion
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦioŋ²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: iong²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /i̯ʊŋ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /in¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 融
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʐuŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʐuŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʐuŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/luŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʐuŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/yŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/yə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/yŋ⁵³/ /ʐuŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ỹn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʐuŋ⁵¹/ /vɤŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ioŋ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/yoŋ³¹/
	Guiyang	/ioŋ²¹/
	Kunming	/ioŋ³¹/
	Nanjing	/ioŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/iŋ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/yəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/yŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ʐũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦioŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦioŋ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ɦioŋ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/joŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/yʌ̃⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/in⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ioŋ¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/in¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/iuŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/iuŋ¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʒuŋ¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/joŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/juŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/juŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/iɔŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/yŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/œyŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ioŋ⁵⁵/ /iõ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zɔŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: yuwng

Rime
Character	融
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以戎切
Baxter	yuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/jiuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/iuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juwŋ/
Li Rong	/iuŋ/
Wang Li	/jĭuŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jung⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*luŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*luŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	融
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	róng
Middle Chinese	‹ yuwng ›
Old Chinese	/luŋ/ (? < lum)
English	hot air, steam, heat
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	融
Reading #	1/1
No.	1509
Phonetic component	蟲
Rime group	終
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	融
Old Chinese	/*luŋ/

Definitions

融

^† hot air; steam (during cooking)
to melt
to mix; to blend; to fuse; to harmonise
(economics) to circulate
Short for 融城 (Róngchéng, “Fuqing, Fuzhou”).

Compounds

References

“融”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

融

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ゆ (yu)
Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
Kun: とおる (tōru, 融る)、とける (tokeru, 融ける)
Nanori: あき (aki)、あきら (akira)、あきらか (akiraka)、すけ (suke)、とお (tō)、とおる (tōru)、なかし (nakashi)、ながし (nagashi)、みち (michi)、よし (yoshi)

Compounds

核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう) (kaku yūgō, “nuclear fusion, karyogamy”)
核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう)炉(ろ) (kakuyūgōro, “fusion reactor”)
金(きん)融(ゆう) (kin'yū, “finance”)
金(きん)融(ゆう)危(き)機(き) (kin'yū kiki, “financial crisis”)
金(きん)融(ゆう)市(し)場(じょう) (kin'yū shijō, “financial market”)
祝(しゅく)融(ゆう) (Shukuyū, “Zhurong, a Chinese god of fire and the south”)
常(じょう)温(おん)核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう) (jōon kaku yūgō, “cold (nuclear) fusion”)
闇(やみ)金(きん)融(ゆう) (yamikin'yū, “loan shark”)
融(ゆう)化(か) (yūka, “thaw”)
融(ゆう)解(かい) (yūkai, “melting; meltdown”)
融(ゆう)合(ごう) (yūgō, “fusion, blending, merger”)
融(ゆう)資(し) (yūshi, “financing, loan”)
融(ゆう)雪(せつ) (yūsetsu, “melting of snow”)
融(ゆう)点(てん) (yūten, “melting point”)
融(ゆう)和(わ) (yūwa, “harmony, reconciliation”)
溶(よう)融(ゆう) (yōyū, “melting; meltdown”)
- 熔(よう)融(ゆう) (yōyū, alternative form of above.)
炉(ろ)心(しん)熔(よう)融(ゆう) (roshin yōyū, “meltdown”)

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [juŋ]
Phonetic hangul: [융]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

融

Wikisource

融 • (yung) (hangeul 융, revised yung, McCune–Reischauer yung, Yale yung)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

融: Hán Nôm readings: dung

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.