گبر

See also: کبر, كثر, كبر, ك ب ر, and ك ث ر

Persian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“weave”).

Alternative forms

گپر (gapr)

Noun

گبر • (gabr)

hauberk

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Aramaic 𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀 (gbrʾ /⁠gaḇrā⁠/, “man; person”), reflected in the Middle Persian logogram (huzvarishn) GBRA (mard, “man”). The Persian word was probably used in pre-Islamic Persia to refer to some Zoroastrians in Mesopotamia (inhabited by many Aramaeans).

Traditionally has been derived from Arabic كَافِر (kāfir, “unbeliever”), but that is problematic on phonetic and semantic grounds.

See Shaki in Encyclopædia Iranica for more.

Alternative forms

گور (gavr) (archaic)
گاور (gâvor, gâvar) (archaic)

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ɡaβɾ]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ɡäbɾ]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ɡäbɾ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ɡäbɾ]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ɡʲæbɹ]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ɡäbɾ]

Readings
Classical reading^?	gaḇr
Dari reading^?	gabr
Iranian reading^?	gabr
Tajik reading^?	gabr

Noun


Iranian Persian	گبر
Dari	گبر
Tajik	габр

گبر • (gabr)

(archaic, later derogatory) Zoroastrian
(archaic) kafir, infidel
- Attributed to both Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr (967–1049) and Rumi (1207–1273)
  باز آ باز آ هر آنچه هستی باز آ
  گر کافر و گبر و بت‌پرستی باز آ
  این درگه ما درگه نومیدی نیست
  صد بار اگر توبه شکستی باز آ
  bâz-â! bâz-â! har ânče hastî bâz-â!
  gar kâfir u gabr u but-parastî bâz-â!
  în dargah-i mâ dargah-i nômêdî nêst
  sad bâr agar tawba šikastî, bâz-â!
  Literal translation:
  Return, return! Whatever thou art, return!
  Whether kafir, infidel, or idolater, return!
  This threshold of ours is not a threshold of despair.
  [Even] if you've broken your repentance a thousand times, return!
(colloquial) wealthy man

Derived terms

گبری (gabri)
گبرک (gabrak)
گبرکی (gabraki)

Descendants

→ Azerbaijani: gəbr
→ Ottoman Turkish: گبر (gebr)
- Turkish: gebr
- → French: guèbre
  - → English: Guebre
- → German: Geber
- → Italian: guebro
→ Uzbek: gabr

(via the by-form (gâvor)):

→ Azerbaijani: gavur
→ Ottoman Turkish: كاور (gâvur)
- Turkish: gâvur
- → Armenian: գյավուր (gyavur)
- → Bulgarian: гяу́р (gjaúr), гяу́рин (gjaúrin)
- → English: giaour
- → French: giaour, ghiaour
- → German: Giaur
- → Macedonian: ѓаур (ǵaur)
- → Romanian: ghiaur
- → Hungarian: gyaur
- → Italian: giaurro
- → Polish: giaur
- → Russian: гяу́р (gjaúr)
- → Serbo-Croatian: ђаур／đaur, каур／kaur

References

^{The template Template:R:Iranica does not use the parameter(s): t=accessdate=January 27, 2016
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Mansour Shaki (December 15, 2000) “Gabr”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York
Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “گبر”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press, retrieved گاور, page گور
MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “mard”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 54
“gbr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 632, page 50b
Vullers, Johann August (1856–1864) “گبر”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎^[1] (in Latin), volume II, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 950a