sa

sa

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Sanskrit.

sa

1. woman

• transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

Acehnese numbers ^(edit)

		10
	←  0	1	2  →	10  →
Cardinal: sa     Ordinal: phôn

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

• IPA^(key): /sa/

sa

1. one

sa (Kana spelling サ)

1. elder sister

   Synonym: nanna

• John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎^[3], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., page 385
• Vovin, Alexander V. (2016) “On the Linguistic Prehistory of Hokkaidō”, in Gruzdeva Ekaterina, Janhunen Juha, editors, Crosslinguistics and Linguistic Crossings in Northeast Asia. Papers on the Languages of Sakhalin and Adjacent Regions (Studia Orientalia; 117), Helsinki, pages 29–38

From Proto-Albanian *si-a, a combination of two pronominal members, Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₂ and *h₂ew-/*h₂en-. Alternatively from Proto-Albanian *tšja^[1] or, as per Meyer, from Greek σαν (san, “when, whenever”).^[2]

sa

1. how much

• sasi

• IPA^(key): /sa/

sa

1. rain

• IPA^(key): /sʰa/

sa (Bengali script সা)

1. one

• rongsa
• wan
• eek

• van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.

From Proto-Bahnaric *caː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *caʔ (“to eat”); cognate with Halang cha, Koho saa, Semai ca, Pacoh cha, Khmer ស៊ី (sii) and Mon စ (ca).

• IPA^(key): /saː/

sa

1. to eat

sa

1. Romanization of ᬲ

Banjarese cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Shortened form of asa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

sa

1. one

• sa-

From Old Catalan sa~san, from Latin sānus, from Proto-Indo-European *swā-n- (“healthy; whole; active; vigorous”).

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [sə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [sa]
• Homophone: ça

sa (feminine sana, masculine plural sans, feminine plural sanes)

1. healthy

• sa i estalvi
• sanament
• sanejar

• insà
• malsà
• sanitat

From Latin ipsa.

sa f

1. (Balearic) nominative feminine singular of es

• “sa” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “sa”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “sa” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “sa” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

• 's — contraction, informal

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Tagalog sa, Bikol Central sa, Hiligaynon sa.

• IPA^(key): /sa/ [s̪ɐ]

sa

1. marks the indirect object or recipient of the verb: to

   Coordinate terms: kang, (colloquial) ni — used before personal names

   Gihatag na nako ang tanan sa akong amigo. ― I already gave everything to my friend.

2. refers to the location of something or some action: in; at; on

   Naa sa lamisa. ― On the table.

   Sa Pilipinas ko gipanganak. ― I was born in the Philippines.

3. refers to motion towards or away from a definite location:
   1. to the; towards the

      Synonym: padulong (sa)

      Moadto siya sa sinehan unya. ― He's going to the movies later.

   2. from the; away from the

      Synonym: gikan (sa)

      Mihawa ko sa balay. ― I went away from the house.

4. refers to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)

   Synonyms: (colloquial) inig-, ig-

   Sa Lunes mi mouli. ― We're going home on Monday.

5. refers to accompaniment with a definite partner or object: with; together with; in company with

   Synonyms: uban (sa/ang), kuyog (sa/ang)

   Nikuyog si Juan sa iyang papa. ― Juan went with his father.

6. used in comparisons: than

   Synonym: kaysa (sa/kang)

   Mas paspas ang eroplano sa imong sakyanan. ― The airplane is faster than your car.

7. refers to the cause of action: due to; because of

   Synonyms: tungod sa, kay

   Namatay sila sa kagutom. ― They died of hunger.

8. refers to the definite tool or instrument used for doing: with, through, by

   Synonym: gamit (ang)

   Iyang gisagpa sa kamot. ― He slapped him with the hand.

9. refers to the basis of action: through, by, on the basis of

   Migawas ang estudyante sa pagsugot sa maestro. ― The student went out by the teacher's permission.

• Used in combination with other words to form more specific prepositional phrases:

  sa babaw (sa) ― on top (of)

  sa sulod (sa) ― within, inside (of)

  pinaagi sa ― by means of

  tungod sa ― due to, because of

• In senses where definiteness is encoded, sa is used in contrast with og, which refers to indefinite relations.

From earlier sang, conflating with sa (“to, in, at”). Compare Hiligaynon sang, Waray-Waray han, Tagalog ng.

sa

1. definite indirect marker for nouns other than personal names

   Coordinate term: og — for indefinite nouns

   Mikaon sa isda ang iring.

   The cat ate the fish.

   Gikaon sa iring ang isda.

   The cat ate the fish.

2. of, 's; marks possession

   luto sa inahan ― mother's cooking

   babaw sa lamisa ― on top of the table

   1. of the; with a definite possessor

      Coordinate term: og — see Usage notes

      anak sa hari ― son of the king

• In marking possession, the usage of sa is contrasted with that of og in certain possessive relations, such as kinship terms:

  inahan sa hari ― mother of the king

  inahan og hari ― mother of a king

• But this distinction does not apply to all possessive phrases:

  mga dahon sa punuan ― (a/the) tree's leaves

  mga dahon og punuan ― is ungrammatical

• However, the contrast is mostly unused in everyday speech, with sa used in all possessive phrases.

Compare Tagalog sina, Tausug hinda, Kinaray-a sanday.

sa

1. (archaic) direct marker for plural personal names

   Synonyms: sila ni, silang

From usa, isa.

• IPA^(key): /ˈsaʔ/ [ˈs̪aʔ]

sà

1. shortened form of usa, isa (“for now, before doing”)

Elision of the "l" in sala (“strain”), from Proto-Philippine *sáraʔ.

• IPA^(key): /ˈsa(ː)/ [ˈs̪a(ː)]

sa

1. (Cebu) shortened form of sala (“strain”)

Elision of the "l" in sala (“fault, sin”), from Inherited from Proto-Philippine *salaq.

• IPA^(key): /ˈsa(ː)ʔ/ [ˈs̪a(ː)ʔ]

sâ

1. (Cebu) shortened form of sala (“fault, sin”)

Compare South Slavey sa

sa

1. sun
2. watch

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/p-wa.

sa

1. tooth

Ross Perlin (2019) A Grammar of Trung‎^[4], Santa Barbara: University of California

sa

1. water

• Cornelis L. Voorhoeve, Languages of Irian Jaya Checklist (1975, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics)

sa

1. fire

• Duungooma ABC (alphabet duun), page 26

Eastern Cham cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

• ꨧ
• ꩑

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

• IPA^(key): /saː/

sa

1. one

• Sa (optional capitalization)

Short form of sina

sa (genitive su, partitive sind, long form sina)

1. you, thou (in unstressed positions)

   Mis sa teed seal? ― What are you doing there?

Declension of sa
2nd person	singular		plural
	long	short	long	short
nominative	sina	sa	teie	te
genitive	sinu	su	teie	te
partitive	sind		teid
illative	sinusse	susse		teisse
inessive	sinus	sus		teis
elative	sinust	sust		teist
allative	sinule	sulle		teile
adessive	sinul	sul		teil
ablative	sinult	sult		teilt
translative	sinuks	–	teieks	teiks
terminative	sinuni	–	teieni	–
essive	sinuna	–	teiena	–
abessive	sinuta	–	teieta	–
comitative	sinuga	suga	teiega	–

Estonian personal pronouns
		singular		plural
		long	short	long	short
1st person		mina	ma	meie	me
2nd person	familiar	sina	sa	teie	te
	polite	Teie	Te
3rd person	animate	tema	ta	nemad	nad
	inanimate	see		need

• “sa”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
• “sa”, in [ÕS] Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018 [Estonian Spelling Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2018, →ISBN
• sa in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)

See sinä; developed through contraction.

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɑ/, [ˈs̠ɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): sa

sa

1. (personal, archaic, poetic) you (second-person singular pronoun)

Other forms than the nominative generally align with sä.

• sinä (standard Finnish; see it for full list)

• “sa”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[5] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

• -as, as

sa

1. feminine singular of son

From Old French sa, from Latin sua feminine form of suus.

• IPA^(key): /sa/

• Audio:

  (file)

sa f sg

1. (possessive) his, her, its, their, one's

   Emma est allée chez sa sœur.

   Emma went to her sister's house.

   Pierre a perdu sa carte d’identité.

   Pierre has lost his identity card.

   Sa voiture est blanche.

   Their car is white.

• “sa”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

• as

From Proto-Polynesian *saqa.

sa

1. bad
2. ugly

Either from Proto-Germanic *saliz (“house, hall”),^[1] or from Proto-Germanic *sēaną (“to sow”).^[2]

• IPA^(key): /ˈsaː/

sa f (plural sas)

1. generation, litter
2. sowing season

• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “sa”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

Garo cardinal numbers

	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik. Cognate with Tibetan གཅིག (gcig), Burmese တစ် (tac).

sa

1. one

sa

1. Romanization of 𐍃𐌰

sa

1. (cardinal number) one hundred

• IPA^(key): /sa/

sa

1. to rain

sa

1. the form of sako or its inflections after a determiner

From French ça.

• IPA^(key): /sa/

sa

1. can, to be able to

sa

1. this
2. these
   • 2019 March 19, “Rankont ann Itali ant Anvwaye Espesyal Etazini ak Larisi sou Kriz Venezuela a”, in Lavwadlamerik‎^[6]:

     Dapre Misey Guaido, 2 peyi sa yo ap defann sèlman enterè biznis yo ak Venezuela.

     According to Mr. Guaido, these two countries are only defending their business interests in Venezuela.

3. that
4. those

sa

1. (demonstrative) this
2. (demonstrative) these
3. (demonstrative) that
4. (demonstrative) those
5. (interrogative) what
6. (relative) what

• kisa

From Proto-Austronesian *sa (locative marker).

• IPA^(key): /ˈsa/ [ˈsa]
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: sa

sa (Hanunoo spelling ᜰ)

1. to

   Synonym: (literary) kan

2. on; at; in
3. by
4. for
5. from

• For personal names, kan (or kana if plural) is used instead.

• Conklin, Harold C. (1953) Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press, →OCLC, page 232
• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*sa₂”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Haroi cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

sa

1. one

Generally thought to be from Proto-Chadic (compare Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa, whence Mbuko slā, Uldeme slà, Bana slá, Muyang ɬà, Moloko ɬa, Zulgo-Gemzek sla, Podoko sla, Daba zlà, Lagwan nsla), but Newman dissents and considers it a possible borrowing.

• IPA^(key): /sâː/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [sâː]

sâ m (feminine sānìyā, plural shānū, possessed form sân)

1. bull, ox, cattle

sa

1. of

sa

1. short form for satu, often pronounced as se-.
2. combine with a verb in nasal form e.g. se +‎ kayoh (kayoh means "paddle") to form a noun sengayoh (a paddle).
3. combine with a verb in nasal form and a prefix pe- e.g. sa +‎ pe +‎ san (san means "a load") to form a noun sapenyan (as much as one can carry) and sa +‎ pe +‎ temu (temu means "opinion") to form sapenemu (as much as one knows).

• Richards, Anthony. An Iban-English Dictionary, Volume 1 Clarendon Press. 1981.

• IPA^(key): /sa/

sa

1. (archaic) Alternative form of sua.
   • 1909-1910, Progreso – duesma yaro, page 40:

     Segun sa opiniono la max (maxim) importanta neceso por I.L. esas la max granda perfekteso, e ne la amaso di adheranti, [...]

     According to his opionion the most important necessity for an I.L. is the perfection, and not the amount of adherents, [...]

• (inherent tone): IPA^(key): /sá/

sá

1. to wash, to scrub.

   Ana m asa efere.

   I am washing plates.

Clipping of saya.

• IPA^(key): /sa/
• Hyphenation: sa

sa

1. (Papuan) I (first person singular prononun)

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”), from Proto-Celtic *in sindū/sindai (“in the m sg/f sg dative”), *in sindom/sindam (“into the m sg/f sg accusative”).

• IPA^(key): /sˠə/

sa

1. Contraction of i + an.

   Tá an fear sa bhád. ― The man is in the boat

   Tá na páistí ag súgradh sa tsráid. ― The children are playing in the street.

   Táimid inár suí sa seomra (or) tseomra. ― We are sitting in the room.

This contraction is obligatory, i.e. *i an never appears uncontracted. Used before consonant sounds only; otherwise, san is used. Triggers:

• lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in Ulster varieties,
• lenition of b, c, g, m, p, changes initial s to ts, and triggers eclipsis of f in Munster varieties,
• eclipsis and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns while not affecting s in masculine nouns in Connacht varieties,
• in An Caighdeán Oifigiúil causes lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns (An Córas Lárnach) or all nouns (Córas an tSéimhithe).

Often understood to be a contraction of ins an, but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while ins is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.

• Osborn Bergin (1916) “Irish Grammatical Tracts (Introductory)”, in Ériu, volume 8, Supplement, Royal Irish Academy, →DOI, →JSTOR, §67, page 17
• McKenna, Lambert, editor (1944), Bardic Syntactical Tracts, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 113: “Before pl. art. i n- gives is na, ’sna; in such cases a h- gives as na. (…) Before sg. art. i n- is isin, san (often sa before consonants).”
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “i”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gramadach na Gaeilge: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil‎^[7], Seirbhís Thithe an Oireachtais, 2017, pages 8–10, 15–18

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “sa”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “sa”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “sa”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

• sà (misspelling)

• IPA^(key): /ˈsa‿|| ˈsa/

sa

1. third-person singular present indicative of sapere

   Giovanni sa dov'è Laura. ― Giovanni knows where Laura is.

• sa in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

sa

1. The hiragana syllable さ (sa) or the katakana syllable サ (sa) in Hepburn romanization.

Jarai cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

sa

1. one

Kabyle cardinal numbers

<  6	7	8  >
Cardinal : sa     Arabic loanword : sebɛa

From Proto-Berber.

• IPA^(key): /sa/

sa (feminine sat)

1. seven

   Synonym: sebɛa

• zan (Kamakan)

sa

1. (Kotoxo) water

• Chestmir Loukotka, La família lingüística Kamakan del Brasil
• Márcio Silva Martins Andérbio, Revisão da família lingüística Kamakã proposta por Chestmir Loukotka (thesis, Université de Brasilia, 2007 page 52)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-hjwəj-t (“water; liquid; body fluid”). Cognate with Lashi suid" and Burmese သွေး (swe:).

sa

1. blood

• Dr. Ola Hanson, "A Dictionary of the Kachin Language" (1906).

sa

1. third-person singular present indicative of savéi

• sinā

A shorter form of sinā.

sa

1. you; second person pronoun, referring to the addressee

• minā, ma
• tämā, ta

Renāte Blumberga, Tapio Mäkeläinen, Karl Pajusalu (2013), Lībieši: vēsture, valoda un kultūra, Rīga: Līvõ Kultūr sidām, →ISBN

Inherited from French sera (“will be”) or similar (e.g., seras), an inflection of French être (“to be”).

• IPA^(key): /sa/
• Rhymes: -a
• Homophones: ça, sâ

sa

1. (auxiliary, copulative) will be

sa

1. Obsolete spelling of za.

Reduced form of sua. Semantically derived from Cantonese 嘅 (ge³, possessive marker).

• sua

sa

1. particle appended after pronouns to denote ownership: -'s

   iou-sa filo ― my child

   êle-sa ― his; her; their (sg.)

   ilôtro-sa casa ― their (pl.) house

   uví mai-sa ladínha ― to listen to mother's scolding

• According to native speakers, sa is more commonly used than sua.
• The particle is not inflected for gender.
• Almost always spelt connected using a hyphen in the vast majority of writings, but not mandatory.

• su

Macanese personal pronouns (edit)
Person	Singular	Possessive	Plural	Possessive	Reflexive	Possessive
First	iou, io, mi*, ieu*	iou-sa, iou-sua#, minha, io-sa, io-sua#	nôs, nosôtro*	nôs-sa, nôsso, nôs-sua#	onçóm	su, onçóm-sa*, onçóm-sua#
Second	vôs	vôs-sa, vôsso, su, vôs-sua#	vosôtro	vosôtro-sa, su, vosôtro-sua#
Third	êle, êla*	êle-sa, su, êle-sua#	ilôtro, elôtro*, olôtro*, ulôtro*	ilôtro-sa, su, ilôtro-sua#

#: dated.
*: rare.

Uncertain. Possibly from Portuguese sabe (“know”), thus a doublet of sábi.

• sa', sá

sa

1. expletive particle expressing confirmation or explanation

   Sâm diabo? Nunca, sâm tacho-sa!

   Is it the devil? No, it's a pot!

• https://www.macaneselibrary.org/pub/english/uipatua.htm
• Batalha, Graciete Nogueira (1988) “sa”, in Glossário do dialecto macaense: notas linguísticas, etnográficas e folclóricas [Glossary of the Macanese dialect: linguistic, ethnographic and folkloric notes], Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau, page 525

sa

1. (1924-1972) Obsolete spelling of se.

Probably from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until; as far as; even”). The form, though without doubt unusual, might be explained from earlier *ħta by assimilation in fast speech. Compare Moroccan Arabic حتى (ḥta). Compare also Spanish hasta, which, if related, might point to the existence of an obsolete Maghrebi variant *ḥastā. Joseph Aquilina preferred to derive the Maltese form from a contraction of Italian sino a, variant of fino a (“until; as far as”). Both may also have reinforced each other.

• IPA^(key): /sa/

sa

1. until

   Se nħobbok sal-aħħar nifs ta’ ħajti. ― I’ll love you until the last breath of my life.

2. as far as

sa (sa⁵／sa⁰, Zhuyin ˙ㄙㄚ)

1. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 𠮿

sa

1. Nonstandard spelling of sā.
2. Nonstandard spelling of sǎ.
3. Nonstandard spelling of sà.

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

sa

1. tea

• A Maranao Dictionary, by Howard P. McKaughan and Batua A. Macaraya

sa

1. water

• Timothy Leffel, Focus constructions in Masalit (New York University, 05/31/2011)

Likely from Proto-Chadic *sa (“to drink”).^[1] Cognate with Mpade se (“to drink”).

sa

1. to drink

   Kà uwana may azà à gi, kavàw à gi tatak may, nəlay akə̀s à gi, katə̀ɗàw gi iyaw gəsà, gəgà məlok gà, kakə̀sàw gi la ahàl səla. (Mata 25:35)^[2]

   For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink (lit: so I drank), I was a stranger and you welcomed me as a guest. (Matthew 25:35)

   Kəla uwabeyuwi uwana asà iyaw aŋa suwa uwanay, nəlay adàkəsay aya (Yuhana 4:13)^[3]

   Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again.(John 4:13)

Likely from Proto-Chadic *(-)sə (“to come”).^[4]

sa

1. to come

   La kità Yuhana asà à waŋ, azùw aw, asà aw, ŋgaha azladza tagòɗ kà: 'Masla la masasəɗok mawisiga.' (Mata 11:18)^[5]

   For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, ‘He has a demon!’ (Matthew 11:18)

   La mavakay uwatà Yesu asà à uda la kay, ŋgaha ahàd adzà madzay la gay dərəv kà matapla tatak à azladza. (Matthew 13:1)^[6]

   ​On that day Jesus came out of the house and was sitting by the sea. (Matthew 13:1)

   "Sà à waŋ, sà à waŋ", tagòɗ à mamətsay, ama mamətsay ahòy atà à ahàl. (Mafətala 9:6)^[7]

   Come here, come here, they said to the death, but the death flew from them (Revelation 9:6)

Minangkabau cardinal numbers

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Cardinal : sa

From Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

sa

1. one

• ciek

• sa-

Northern Roglai cardinal numbers

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Cardinal : sa

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

sa

1. one

sa

1. simple past of si

sa

1. past of seia

sa

1. emphasis marker

   Mii sa go ozhiitaawaad igo.

   They were getting ready.

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/sa-pc-disc

From Latin sua, feminine of suus.

sa f (masculine son, plural ses)

1. his/hers/its (third-person singular possessive)

• French: sa

From Proto-Germanic *swa.

sā

1. so
2. as
3. or

sa

1. Alternative spelling of so

sa

1. he, it

sa

1. masculine nominative singular of ta (“that”)

sa

1. vocative singular of san (“dog”)

Palu'e cardinal numbers

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Cardinal : sa

From Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *isa, *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *isa, *əsa, *asa.

sa

1. one

• sabi (synonym)

From Portuguese saber and Spanish saber and Kabuverdianu sabe.

sa

1. to know

• IPA^(key): /sá/, [sá]

sa

1. water

• Phonological Considerations of Pawaia, in Oceania Linguistic Monographs, issues 14-15 (1971)
• Transnewguinea.org, citing both D. Trefry, A comparative study of Kuman and Pawaian (1969) and G. E. MacDonald, The Teberan Language Family, pages 111-121, in The Linguistic Situation in the Gulf District and Adjacent Area, Papua New Guinea (editor K. J. Franklin) (1973)

• (Greater Poland):
  • (Kuyavia) IPA^(key): /ˈsa/
  • (Northern Greater Poland) IPA^(key): /ˈsa/
  • (Eastern Greater Poland) IPA^(key): /ˈsa/

sa (not comparable)

1. (Northern Greater Poland, Eastern Greater Poland, Kuyavia) Alternative form of sam (“here”)

• Oskar Kolberg (1867) “sa”, in Dzieła wszystkie: Kujawy (in Polish), page 276
• Oskar Kolberg (1877) “sa”, in “Rzecz o mowie ludu wielkopolskiego”, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowéj (in Polish), volume 1, III (Materyjały etnologiczne), page 35

Rade cardinal numbers

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Cardinal : sa

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

sa

1. one

• IPA^(key): /sɑ˧/

sa

1. to wait.

sa

1. bird; fowl.

sa

1. all

From Vulgar Latin *sa, from Latin sua, the feminine form of suus.

• IPA^(key): /sa/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -a

sa f

1. feminine singular of său: his/her

sa f (possessive pronouns)

1. (preceded by "a") his/hers (that which is his or hers)

• s' (apocopated, used before vowels)

From Latin ipsa (“herself”), feminine of ipse (“himself”).

• IPA^(key): /su/

sa f (plural (Logudorese, Nuorese) sas or (Campidanese) is, masculine su)

1. (Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese) the (feminine singular definite article)

• Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
• Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “ísse”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

• sa'

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”).

sa

1. in the

   sa bhliadhna de dh'aois Chrìost ― in the year of our Lord, anno domini

• Triggers lenition.
• This form is used before nouns beginning with b, c, g, m or p; otherwise san is used instead.
• Often understood to be a contraction of anns a', but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while anns is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.

• ann an
• anns

• Osborn Bergin (1916) “Irish Grammatical Tracts (Introductory)”, in Ériu, volume 8, Supplement, Royal Irish Academy, →DOI, →JSTOR, §67, page 17
• McKenna, Lambert, editor (1944), Bardic Syntactical Tracts, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 113: “Before pl. art. i n- gives is na, ’sna; in such cases a h- gives as na. (…) Before sg. art. i n- is isin, san (often sa before consonants).”
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “i”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

sa (Cyrillic spelling са)

1. Alternative form of s; used instead of s when the following word or group of words start with sibilants s, z, š or ž and before instrumental form of first-person pronoun ja (mnom).

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

• IPA^(key): [sa]

sa

1. accusative of seba

   Vidím sa v zrkadle. ― I see myself in the mirror.

   Koho vidíš v zrkadle? Seba. ― Whom do you see in the mirror? Myself.

• In regular sentences, it must take the 2nd position.

  Modlím sa. ― I am praying.

• In the past tense, it takes the third 3rd while the inflected form of the verb byť takes the 2nd position.

  Modlil som sa. ― I was praying.

• In the conditional mood, it takes the 4th position of the sentences with the inflected form of byť occupying the 3rd position and the pronoun by taking the 2nd position.

  Modlil by som sa, keby... ― I would pray, if ...

• “sa”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2024

From Proto-Athabaskan *x̯ʷa. Cognates include Navajo shá and Dogrib sa.

• IPA^(key): [sà(ʔ)]
• Hyphenation: sa

sa (stem -za-)

1. sun
2. month

• Keren Rice (1989) A Grammar of Slave, Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 215

-sa^?

1. to take

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

• IPA^(key): /sa/

From English shall or borrowed from Dutch zal.

sa

1. Verbal marker for modal aspect.
2. Verbal marker for the future tense.

   Synonym: o

   • 1975, “Basya Adyuku koni”, in Ursy M. Lichtveld, Jan Voorhoeve, editors, Creole drum. An Anthology of Creole Literature in Surinam‎^[8], New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 86:

     A krabdagu taki: - Angri e kiri mi ba. A di mi si yu e nyan, ne mi kon.
     Adyuku taki: - We san mi e nyan, mi no sabi efu yu sa nyan en. Na kasaba dokun mi tyari. Efu yu sa nyan en, dan mi sa gi yu.

     The crab-eating raccoon said: 'I'm starving, brother. When I saw that you're eating, I came over immediately.
     Adyuku said: 'I say, I don't know whether you'll [want to] eat what I'm eating. I brought cassava duckanoo. If you'll eat it, then I'll give it to you.

   • 1999, Hillary de Bruin, “Liederen uit de praktijk van de duman [Songs from the Winti priest's practice]”, in OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis‎^[9], Instituut ter Bevordering van de Surinamistiek, →ISSN, page 152:

     Blesi sa kon bogobogo, Masra pramis' m'anga yu, Lek'wan alen a sa wiki, Kraf' den di bribi fu tru, Sula fu seigi, wan dei sa was' kon na gron, now wan tu dropu de spiti, ma sibibusi sa kon

     Blessing will come abundantly / the Lord promised to me and you / like a rainshower it will awaken / strengthen those who truly believe / With cataracts of blessing / one day the ground will be awash / now a few droplets are spitting / but torrential rains will come

From English saw.

sa

1. A saw (tool with a serrated blade, used for sawing).

sa

1. Romanization of 𒊓 (sa)

-sá

1. to dawn

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Apocopic form of sade

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɑː/
• Rhymes: -ɑː

sa

1. (somewhat informal) past indicative of säga

• -as, as

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Bikol Central sa, Cebuano sa, Hiligaynon sa, Waray-Waray ha, Tausug ha, and Gorontalo ta.

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /sa/ [sɐ]
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: sa

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

1. indirect object marker: to

   Binigay ko na ang lahat sa kaibigan ko. ― I already gave everything to my friend.

2. used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; at; on (not used in a positive equational sentence)

   Sa Pilipinas ako ipinanganak. ― I was born in the Philippines.

   Wala siya sa opisina. ― He's not at the office.

3. used to refer towards a location: to; toward

   Pupunta siya sa sinehan mamaya. ― He's going to the movies later.

4. used to refer to accompaniment: with; together with; in company with

   Sumama si Juan sa tatay niya. ― Juan went with his father.

5. used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)

   Sa Lunes kami uuwi. ― We're going home on Monday.

6. used in comparisons: than

   Synonym: kaysa

   Mas mabilis ang eroplano sa kotse mo. ― The airplane is faster than your car.

7. used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of (usually with galing or tubo)

   Tubo siya sa Cebu. ― He is a native from Cebu.

8. a prescribed point in time when something occurred: upon; on; at the time of

   Sa pagpasok niya sa bahay, tumunog ang telepono. ― Upon his entrance to the house, the telephone rang.

9. used to refer to the cause: due to; from; of

   Namatay sila sa gutom. ― They died of hunger.

10. used to refer to the basis: on the basis of; on

    Lumabas ang estudyante sa pahintulot ng guro. ― The student went out based on the permission from the teacher.

11. used to refer to one's dependence on or use of: on; through the use of

    Nabuhay sila sa tubig at tinapay lamang. ― They lived only on water and bread.

12. used in combination with other words to form more specific prepositional phrases

    sa pamamagitan ng ― by means of

    mula sa ― from

• This is not used with names of people or other living beings, where kay or kina is used instead.
• For positive equational sentences, to refer to a location of something, nasa, na kay, or na kina is used instead.

• s — text messaging

• sa-

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜐ (sa).

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /sa/ [sɐ]
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: sa

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

1. the name of the Latin-script letter S/s, in the Abakada alphabet

   Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) es, (in the Abecedario) ese

See tsa.

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈsa/ [ˈsa]
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: sa

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

1. Obsolete form of tsa.

• “sa”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Cognate with Persian صد (sad).

sa

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Inherited from Common Bantu *-ca (“empty”).

• IPA^(key): /sa/

-sa (declinable)

1. (rare) empty, bare

   Near-synonym: -onka

   bigere bisa ― barefoot

• busa (“naked; nothing”)

1. Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[10], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 349
2. Rubongoya, L. T. (2013) Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎^[11], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 352
3. Entry 9239 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3

sa

1. dog

sa

1. (Internet) Initialism of selamünaleyküm.

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [saː˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʂaː˧˧] ~ [saː˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [ʂaː˧˧] ~ [saː˧˧]

sa • (蹉, 沙, 莎)

1. to fall (especially from the sky); to drop down; to prolapse

• sà
• sạ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紗.

sa

1. gauze

sa

1. Sino-Vietnamese reading of 沙 (“sand”)
2. Sino-Vietnamese reading of 砂 (“sand”)

sa (not mutable)

1. (South Wales) first-person singular present negative colloquial of bod

   Sa i’n gwybod.

   I don’t know.

2. (colloquial) Contraction of basai.

Unlike other negative verb forms, the present negative form—and so, which is used for all other persons—is not complemented by ddim after the subject.

sa

1. so

• “sa (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

• IPA^(key): /s̪a/

sa

1. (stative) to be bad
2. (stative) to be rotten

Conjugation of sa (stative verb)
		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		tisa	misa	asa
2nd person		nisa	fisa
3rd person	inanimate	isa	disa
	animate	masa
imperative		—, sa	—, sa

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[12], Pacific linguistics

Western Cham cardinal numbers

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Cardinal : sa

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

• IPA^(key): /sa/

sa

1. one

Compare Drehu xe (“smack”).

sa

1. hit

• Claire Moyse-Faurie, Constructions expressing middle, reflexive and reciprocal situations in some Oceanic languages, in Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations

-sa^?

1. to take

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

• IPA^(key): [sâː]

sâ

1. Signifies scattering.

sa

1. you

• (Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /θa˨˦/
• Tone numbers: sa¹
• Hyphenation: sa

sa (Sawndip form 砟, 1957–1982 spelling sa)

1. sand

sa (1957–1982 spelling sa)

1. sandy

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *saa.

• IPA^(key): /sà/
• Hyphenation: sa

sa

1. hot

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *shaa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sja-n.

• IPA^(key): /sǎ/
• Hyphenation: sa

sá

1. meat
2. animal

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tshaʔ.

• IPA^(key): /sâ/
• Hyphenation: sa

sà

1. dense, thick

• Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 62

From Proto-Bantu *-kéa.

-sá

1. (intransitive) to dawn

Tone H
Infinitive	ukusa
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukusa	ukungasi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	yisa	-se
Plural	yisani	-seni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyasa, ngisa	engisayo, engisa	ngisa	angisi	engingasi	ngingasi
2nd singular	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
1st plural	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
2nd plural	niyasa, nisa	enisayo, enisa	nisa	anisi	eningasi	ningasi
Class 1	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	esa	akasi	ongasi	engasi
Class 2	bayasa, basa	abasayo, abasa	besa	abasi	abangasi	bengasi
Class 3	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
Class 4	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
Class 5	liyasa, lisa	elisayo, elisa	lisa	alisi	elingasi	lingasi
Class 6	ayasa, asa	asayo, asa	esa	awasi	angasi	engasi
Class 7	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
Class 8	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
Class 9	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
Class 10	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
Class 11	luyasa, lusa	olusayo, olusa	lusa	alusi	olungasi	lungasi
Class 14	buyasa, busa	obusayo, obusa	busa	abusi	obungasi	bungasi
Class 15	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi
Class 17	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngisile, ngisē	engisile, engisē	ngisile, ngisē	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nisile, nisē	enisile, enisē	nisile, nisē	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
Class 1	usile, usē	osile, osē	esile, esē	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
Class 2	basile, basē	abasile, abasē	besile, besē	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
Class 3	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
Class 4	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 5	lisile, lisē	elisile, elisē	lisile, lisē	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
Class 6	asile, asē	asile, asē	esile, esē	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
Class 7	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
Class 8	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 9	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 10	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 11	lusile, lusē	olusile, olusē	lusile, lusē	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
Class 14	busile, busē	obusile, obusē	busile, busē	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
Class 15	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
Class 17	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāsa	engāsa	ngāsa	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nāsa	enāsa	nāsa	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
Class 1	wāsa	owāsa	āsa	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
Class 2	bāsa	abāsa	bāsa	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
Class 3	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
Class 4	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 5	lāsa	elāsa	lāsa	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
Class 6	āsa	āsa	āsa	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
Class 7	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
Class 8	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 9	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 10	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 11	lwāsa	olwāsa	lwāsa	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
Class 14	bāsa	obāsa	bāsa	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
Class 15	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
Class 17	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingasa	—	ngingasa	ngingese	—	ngingese
2nd singular	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
1st plural	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
2nd plural	ningasa	—	ningasa	ningese	—	ningese
Class 1	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
Class 2	bangasa	—	bengasa	bangese	—	bengese
Class 3	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
Class 4	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
Class 5	lingasa	—	lingasa	lingese	—	lingese
Class 6	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
Class 7	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
Class 8	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
Class 9	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
Class 10	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
Class 11	lungasa	—	lungasa	lungese	—	lungese
Class 14	bungasa	—	bungasa	bungese	—	bungese
Class 15	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese
Class 17	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizokusa	engizokusa	ngizokusa	angizukusa	engingezukusa	ngingezukusa
2nd singular	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
1st plural	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
2nd plural	nizokusa	enizokusa	nizokusa	anizukusa	eningezukusa	ningezukusa
Class 1	uzokusa	ozokusa	ezokusa	akazukusa	ongezukusa	engezukusa
Class 2	bazokusa	abazokusa	bezokusa	abazukusa	abangezukusa	bengezukusa
Class 3	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
Class 4	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
Class 5	lizokusa	elizokusa	lizokusa	alizukusa	elingezukusa	lingezukusa
Class 6	azokusa	azokusa	ezokusa	awazukusa	angezukusa	engezukusa
Class 7	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
Class 8	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
Class 9	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
Class 10	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
Class 11	luzokusa	oluzokusa	luzokusa	aluzukusa	olungezukusa	lungezukusa
Class 14	buzokusa	obuzokusa	buzokusa	abuzukusa	obungezukusa	bungezukusa
Class 15	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa
Class 17	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokusa	engiyokusa	ngiyokusa	angiyukusa	engingeyukusa	ngingeyukusa
2nd singular	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
1st plural	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
2nd plural	niyokusa	eniyokusa	niyokusa	aniyukusa	eningeyukusa	ningeyukusa
Class 1	uyokusa	oyokusa	eyokusa	akayukusa	ongeyukusa	engeyukusa
Class 2	bayokusa	abayokusa	beyokusa	abayukusa	abangeyukusa	bengeyukusa
Class 3	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
Class 4	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
Class 5	liyokusa	eliyokusa	liyokusa	aliyukusa	elingeyukusa	lingeyukusa
Class 6	ayokusa	ayokusa	eyokusa	awayukusa	angeyukusa	engeyukusa
Class 7	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
Class 8	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
Class 9	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
Class 10	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
Class 11	luyokusa	oluyokusa	luyokusa	aluyukusa	olungeyukusa	lungeyukusa
Class 14	buyokusa	obuyokusa	buyokusa	abuyukusa	obungeyukusa	bungeyukusa
Class 15	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa
Class 17	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngise	ngingasi
2nd singular	use	ungasi
1st plural	sise	singasi
2nd plural	nise	ningasi
Class 1	ase	angasi
Class 2	base	bangasi
Class 3	use	ungasi
Class 4	ise	ingasi
Class 5	lise	lingasi
Class 6	ase	angasi
Class 7	sise	singasi
Class 8	zise	zingasi
Class 9	ise	ingasi
Class 10	zise	zingasi
Class 11	luse	lungasi
Class 14	buse	bungasi
Class 15	kuse	kungasi
Class 17	kuse	kungasi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngasa	ngangasa, angasa, angangasa
2nd singular	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
1st plural	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
2nd plural	nasa	nangasa, anasa, anangasa
Class 1	wasa	wangasa, akasa, akangasa
Class 2	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 3	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 4	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 5	lasa	langasa, alasa, alangasa
Class 6	asa	angasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 7	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
Class 8	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 9	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 10	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 11	lwasa	lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa
Class 14	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 15	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa
Class 17	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa

Clipping of -yisa.

-sa

1. (transitive) to take to
2. (transitive) to convey, to send, to transfer

Tone L
Infinitive	ukusa
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukusa	ukungasi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	yisa	-se
Plural	yisani	-seni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyasa, ngisa	engisayo, engisa	ngisa	angisi	engingasi	ngingasi
2nd singular	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
1st plural	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
2nd plural	niyasa, nisa	enisayo, enisa	nisa	anisi	eningasi	ningasi
Class 1	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	esa	akasi	ongasi	engasi
Class 2	bayasa, basa	abasayo, abasa	besa	abasi	abangasi	bengasi
Class 3	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
Class 4	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
Class 5	liyasa, lisa	elisayo, elisa	lisa	alisi	elingasi	lingasi
Class 6	ayasa, asa	asayo, asa	esa	awasi	angasi	engasi
Class 7	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
Class 8	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
Class 9	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
Class 10	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
Class 11	luyasa, lusa	olusayo, olusa	lusa	alusi	olungasi	lungasi
Class 14	buyasa, busa	obusayo, obusa	busa	abusi	obungasi	bungasi
Class 15	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi
Class 17	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngisile, ngisē	engisile, engisē	ngisile, ngisē	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nisile, nisē	enisile, enisē	nisile, nisē	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
Class 1	usile, usē	osile, osē	esile, esē	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
Class 2	basile, basē	abasile, abasē	besile, besē	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
Class 3	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
Class 4	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 5	lisile, lisē	elisile, elisē	lisile, lisē	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
Class 6	asile, asē	asile, asē	esile, esē	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
Class 7	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
Class 8	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 9	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 10	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 11	lusile, lusē	olusile, olusē	lusile, lusē	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
Class 14	busile, busē	obusile, obusē	busile, busē	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
Class 15	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
Class 17	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāsa	engāsa	ngāsa	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nāsa	enāsa	nāsa	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
Class 1	wāsa	owāsa	āsa	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
Class 2	bāsa	abāsa	bāsa	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
Class 3	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
Class 4	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 5	lāsa	elāsa	lāsa	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
Class 6	āsa	āsa	āsa	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
Class 7	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
Class 8	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 9	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 10	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 11	lwāsa	olwāsa	lwāsa	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
Class 14	bāsa	obāsa	bāsa	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
Class 15	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
Class 17	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingasa	—	ngingasa	ngingese	—	ngingese
2nd singular	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
1st plural	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
2nd plural	ningasa	—	ningasa	ningese	—	ningese
Class 1	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
Class 2	bangasa	—	bengasa	bangese	—	bengese
Class 3	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
Class 4	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
Class 5	lingasa	—	lingasa	lingese	—	lingese
Class 6	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
Class 7	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
Class 8	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
Class 9	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
Class 10	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
Class 11	lungasa	—	lungasa	lungese	—	lungese
Class 14	bungasa	—	bungasa	bungese	—	bungese
Class 15	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese
Class 17	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizokusa	engizokusa	ngizokusa	angizukusa	engingezukusa	ngingezukusa
2nd singular	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
1st plural	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
2nd plural	nizokusa	enizokusa	nizokusa	anizukusa	eningezukusa	ningezukusa
Class 1	uzokusa	ozokusa	ezokusa	akazukusa	ongezukusa	engezukusa
Class 2	bazokusa	abazokusa	bezokusa	abazukusa	abangezukusa	bengezukusa
Class 3	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
Class 4	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
Class 5	lizokusa	elizokusa	lizokusa	alizukusa	elingezukusa	lingezukusa
Class 6	azokusa	azokusa	ezokusa	awazukusa	angezukusa	engezukusa
Class 7	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
Class 8	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
Class 9	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
Class 10	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
Class 11	luzokusa	oluzokusa	luzokusa	aluzukusa	olungezukusa	lungezukusa
Class 14	buzokusa	obuzokusa	buzokusa	abuzukusa	obungezukusa	bungezukusa
Class 15	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa
Class 17	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokusa	engiyokusa	ngiyokusa	angiyukusa	engingeyukusa	ngingeyukusa
2nd singular	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
1st plural	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
2nd plural	niyokusa	eniyokusa	niyokusa	aniyukusa	eningeyukusa	ningeyukusa
Class 1	uyokusa	oyokusa	eyokusa	akayukusa	ongeyukusa	engeyukusa
Class 2	bayokusa	abayokusa	beyokusa	abayukusa	abangeyukusa	bengeyukusa
Class 3	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
Class 4	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
Class 5	liyokusa	eliyokusa	liyokusa	aliyukusa	elingeyukusa	lingeyukusa
Class 6	ayokusa	ayokusa	eyokusa	awayukusa	angeyukusa	engeyukusa
Class 7	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
Class 8	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
Class 9	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
Class 10	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
Class 11	luyokusa	oluyokusa	luyokusa	aluyukusa	olungeyukusa	lungeyukusa
Class 14	buyokusa	obuyokusa	buyokusa	abuyukusa	obungeyukusa	bungeyukusa
Class 15	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa
Class 17	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngise	ngingasi
2nd singular	use	ungasi
1st plural	sise	singasi
2nd plural	nise	ningasi
Class 1	ase	angasi
Class 2	base	bangasi
Class 3	use	ungasi
Class 4	ise	ingasi
Class 5	lise	lingasi
Class 6	ase	angasi
Class 7	sise	singasi
Class 8	zise	zingasi
Class 9	ise	ingasi
Class 10	zise	zingasi
Class 11	luse	lungasi
Class 14	buse	bungasi
Class 15	kuse	kungasi
Class 17	kuse	kungasi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngasa	ngangasa, angasa, angangasa
2nd singular	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
1st plural	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
2nd plural	nasa	nangasa, anasa, anangasa
Class 1	wasa	wangasa, akasa, akangasa
Class 2	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 3	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 4	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 5	lasa	langasa, alasa, alangasa
Class 6	asa	angasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 7	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
Class 8	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 9	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 10	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 11	lwasa	lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa
Class 14	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 15	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa
Class 17	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “sa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sa”
• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “sa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sa”