plough

• plow (US)

From Middle English plouh, plow, plugh(e), plough(e), plouw, from Old English plōh (“hide of land, ploughland”) and Old Norse plógr (“plough (the implement)”), both from Proto-Germanic *plōgaz, *plōguz (“plough”). Cognate with Scots pleuch, plou, North Frisian plog, West Frisian ploech, Low German Ploog, Dutch ploeg, Russian плуг (plug), German Pflug, Danish plov, Swedish and Norwegian plog, Icelandic plógur. Replaced Old English sulh (“plough, furrow”); see sullow.

• IPA^(key): /plaʊ/

• Audio (General American):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aʊ

plough (plural ploughs)

2. (agriculture) A device pulled through the ground in order to break it open into furrows for planting.

   Synonym: sull

   Hyponyms: ard, light plough, scratch plough, carruca, heavy plough, mouldboard plough, turnplough

   The horse-drawn plough had a tremendous impact on agriculture.

3. The use of a plough; tillage.
   • 1919, Commonwealth Shipping Committee, Report, volume 8, page 47:

     If you get it early ploughed and it lies all winter possibly, you find it an advantage to give it a second plough; but it does not invariably follow that we plough twice for our green crop.

4. Alternative form of Plough (Synonym of Ursa Major)
   • 2004, Amazing Physics Quiz, →ISBN, page 32:

     Rising in the north-east fairly high in the sky, Arcturus may be found by following round the curve of the plough.

   • 2005, Clive L. N. Ruggles, Ancient Astronomy: An Encyclopedia of Cosmologies and Myth, →ISBN:

     To many generations of rice farmers in rural Java, Indonesia, it was not the stars of Ursa Major that formed the plough, but the stars of Orion.

   • 2007, Mike Lynch, Florida Starwatch, →ISBN, page 52:

     Across the Atlantic, what we call the Big Dipper has been called many other names. In England, this grouping of stars is seen as the plough.

   • 2010, John Turner, Exploring the Other Island: A Seasonal Guide to Nature on Long Island, →ISBN:

     Consider the Big Dipper, or as it is also known, the plough or the wagon.

5. Alternative form of ploughland, an alternative name for a carucate or hide.

   Synonym: carucate

   • c. 1350, Geoffrey Chaucer (attributed), The Tale of Gamelyn

     Johan, mine eldest son, shall have plowes five.

6. A joiner's plane for making grooves.
7. A bookbinder's implement for trimming or shaving off the edges of books.
8. (yoga) A yoga pose resembling a traditional plough, halāsana.

• The spelling plow is usual in the United States, but the spelling plough may be found in literary or historical contexts there.

• → Fiji Hindi: falaawaa

plough (third-person singular simple present ploughs, present participle ploughing, simple past and past participle ploughed)

1. (transitive) To use a plough on soil to prepare for planting.

   I've still got to plough that field.

   • 1917, The English Reports: Exchequer, page 789:

     That there is and from time immemorial has been within that part of the parish called Mablethorpe St. Mary's a laudable custom that, if any outdweller take ancient pasture ground, he shall pay a modus of 4d. an acre, and so in proportion, on the 1st of August, in lieu of all manner of tithe; and that if any of the ancient pasture be once ploughed up or meadowed, it shall, when restored to pasture again, pay 4d. the acre in the hands of such outdweller.

2. (intransitive) To use a plough.

   Some days I have to plough from sunrise to sunset.

3. To move with force.

   Trucks ploughed through the water to ferry flood victims to safety.

   • 2011 January 18, “Wolverhampton 5 - 0 Doncaster”, in BBC‎^[1]:

     Wolves continued to plough forward as young Belgian midfielder Mujangi Bia and Ronald Zubar both hit shots wide from good positions.

   • 2020 December 30, Tim Dunn, “The railway's mechanical marvels”, in Rail, page 58, photo caption:

     Thirteen people were injured in August 1957 when this Bristol freighter skidded on the runway at Southend Airport when landing with a flight from Calais. It ploughed through the boundary fence, but thankfully stopped short of the railway and the 1,500V overhead wires. A tripwire was installed on this section of Shenfield-Southend line to warn train drivers of instances such as this.

4. (transitive, colloquial) To knock over or run over (someone) without stopping.

   My brother ploughed me over.

   Three people were ploughed down when he lost control of the truck.

5. To furrow; to make furrows, grooves, or ridges in.

   Synonyms: chamfer, groove, rut

   • c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene xii]:

     Let patient Octavia plough thy visage up / With her prepared nails.

6. (nautical) To run through, as in sailing.
   • 1725, Homer, “Book II”, in [William Broome], transl., The Odyssey of Homer. […], volume I, London: […] Bernard Lintot, →OCLC:

     With speed we plough the watery way.

7. (bookbinding) To trim, or shave off the edges of, as a book or paper, with a plough.
8. (joinery) To cut a groove in, as in a plank, or the edge of a board; especially, a rectangular groove to receive the end of a shelf or tread, the edge of a panel, a tongue, etc.
9. (UK, university slang, transitive) To fail (a student).

   Synonyms: flunk, pluck

   • 1863, Henry Kingsley, Austin Elliot, page 123:

     The good Professor scolded, predicted that they would all be either gulfed or ploughed.

   • 1863, Charles Reade, Hard Cash:

     You see, Miss Dodd, an university examination consists of several items: neglect but one, and Crichton himself would be ploughed; because brilliancy in your other papers is not allowed to count; that is how the most distinguished man of our day got ploughed for Smalls.

   • 1895, Roger Pocock, The Rules of the Game:

     I knew one of that lot at Corpus; in fact, we were crammed by the same tutor for "smalls," and both got ploughed.

10. (transitive, vulgar) To sexually penetrate, typically in a vigorous manner.

    Synonyms: get up in, pound; see also Thesaurus:copulate with

    I love just getting ploughed face down on my bed.

• ploug, plouh, plogh, plog, ploh, ploch
• plugh, pleugh, plue, pleu (northern)

From Old English plōh, from Proto-West Germanic *plōg, from Proto-Germanic *plōgaz.

• IPA^(key): /pluːx/

plough (plural ploughs)

1. plow

• English: plough, plow (US) (see there for further descendants)
• Scots: pleuch, plou
• Yola: pleough, plowe, plou

• “plǒugh, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.