Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/adïr-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From *ad- (“to seperate”) +‎ *-ïr-, the root is not attested on its own.

Some like Erdal and Nişanyan suggest *ādïl- (“to sober”) and *ādïg (“sober”) are derived from the same root as well^[1],^[2] however some reconstruct an alternative *ād- (“to sober”) root on the bases of Turkish aymak, however that verb is attested at a very late date and may be a back-formation.

Clauson suggests *üdür- (“to choose; to separate, scatter”) is a variant of this verb, however this is unlikely from a phonological standpoint.

Verb

*adïr-

(transitive) to separate
(figuratively, transitive) to distinguish

Derived terms

⇒ *adïr-uk (“seperate, divided; couch-grass”)
⇒ *adïr-ït (“distinction, difference”)
⇒ *adïr-ïl- (“to seperate from”)
⇒? *ayran (“airan, fermented mare milk”)

Related terms

⇒ *ad-ïn (“other”)
⇒ *ad-ïl (“excellent”)
⇒ *ad-uk (“different”)
⇒? *ād-ïl- (“to sober”)
⇒? *ād-ïg (“sober”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of *adïr- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*adïrmak
participle	present		*adïrgan, adïrïgma, adïrur
	past		*adïrtuk, adïrmïš
	future		*adïrtačï, adïrmakčï, adïrsïk, adïračak
verbal noun			*adïrma, adïrïg, adïrgu
way of doing			*adïrïš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*adïrur ben	*adïrur sen	*adïrur	*adïrur biz	*adïrur siz	*adïrur
	past	simple	*adïrtïm	*adïrtïŋ	*adïrtï	*adïrtïk, adïrtïmïz	*adïrtïŋïz	*adïrtï
	past	inferential	*adïrmïš ben	*adïrmïš sen	*adïrmïš	*adïrmïš biz	*adïrmïš siz	*adïrmïš
	future	simple	*adïrtačï ben, adïrmakčï ben, adïračak ben	*adïrtačï sen, adïrmakčï sen, adïračak sen	*adïrtačï, adïrmakčï, adïračak	*adïrtačï biz, adïrmakčï biz, adïračak biz	*adïrtačï siz, adïrmakčï siz, adïračak siz	*adïrtačï, adïrmakčï, adïračak
		predictive	*adïrgay ben	*adïrgay sen	*adïrgay	*adïrgay biz	*adïrgay siz	*adïrgay
		necessitive	*adïrsïkïm	*adïrsïkïŋ	*adïrsïk	*adïrsïkïmïz	*adïrsïkïŋïz	*adïrsïk
conditional			*adïrsam, adïrsar ben	*adïrsaŋ, adïrsar sen	*adïrsa, adïrsar	*adïrsak, adïrsamïz, adïrsar biz	*adïrsaŋïz, adïrsar siz	*adïrsalar, adïrsar
optative			*adïrgay ben	*adïrgay sen	*adïrgay	*adïrgay biz	*adïrgay siz	*adïrgay
progressive			*adïrmakda ben	*adïrmakda sen	*adïrmakda	*adïrmakda biz	*adïrmakda siz	*adïrmakda
necessitative			*adïrmalïg ben	*adïrmalïg sen	*adïrmalïg	*adïrmalïg biz	*adïrmalïg siz	*adïrmalïg
imperative			*adïrayïn	*adïr, adïrgïl	*adïrzun	*adïralïm	*adïrïŋ	*adïrzun

Negative

infinitive			*adïrmamak
participle	present		*adïrmagan, adïrmagma, adïrmaz
	past		*adïrmaduk, adïrmamïš
	future		*adïrmačï, adïrmasïk, adïrmayačak
verbal noun			*adïrmama, adïrmag, adïrmagu
way of doing			*adïrmayïš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*adïrmaz ben	*adïrmaz sen	*adïrmaz	*adïrmaz biz	*adïrmaz siz	*adïrmaz
	past	simple	*adïrmadïm	*adïrmadïŋ	*adïrmadï	*adïrmadïk, adïrmadïmïz	*adïrmadïŋïz	*adïrmadï
	past	inferential	*adïrmamïš ben	*adïrmamïš sen	*adïrmamïš	*adïrmamïš biz	*adïrmamïš siz	*adïrmamïš
	future	simple	*adïrmačï ben, adïrmayačak ben	*adïrmačï sen, adïrmayačak sen	*adïrmačï, adïrmayačak	*adïrmačï biz, adïrmayačak biz	*adïrmačï siz, adïrmayačak siz	*adïrmačï, adïrmayačak
		predictive	*adïrmagay ben	*adïrmagay sen	*adïrmagay	*adïrmagay biz	*adïrmagay siz	*adïrmagay
		necessitive	*adïrmasïkïm	*adïrmasïkïŋ	*adïrmasïk	*adïrmasïkïmïz	*adïrmasïkïŋïz	*adïrmasïk
conditional			*adïrmasam, adïrmasar ben	*adïrmasaŋ, adïrmasar sen	*adïrmasa, adïrmasar	*adïrmasak, adïrmasamïz, adïrmasar biz	*adïrmasaŋïz, adïrmasar siz	*adïrmasalar, adïrmasar
optative			*adïrmagay ben	*adïrmagay sen	*adïrmagay	*adïrmagay biz	*adïrmagay siz	*adïrmagay
progressive			*adïrmamakda ben	*adïrmamakda sen	*adïrmamakda	*adïrmamakda biz	*adïrmamakda siz	*adïrmamakda
necessitative			*adïrmamalïg ben	*adïrmamalïg sen	*adïrmamalïg	*adïrmamalïg biz	*adïrmamalïg siz	*adïrmamalïg
imperative			*adïrmayayïn	*adïrma, adïrmagïl	*adïrmazun	*adïrmayalïm	*adïrmayïŋ	*adïrmazun

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: уйӑр (ujăr)
Common Turkic: *adïr-

Arghu:
- Khalaj: hadırmaq
Proto-Oghuz: *ayïr-
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ayırmaq)
    - Azerbaijani: ayırmaq
    - Ottoman Turkish: آيرمق (ayırmak)
      - Turkish: ayırmak
- East Oghuz:
  - Turkmen: aýyrmak
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: اَذِرْماقْ (aδïrmaq)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (aδïrmaq) [script needed] (ayïrmaq)
    - Chagatai: ايرماق (ayırmaq)
      - Uzbek: ayirmoq
Kipchak: ايرماق (ayırmaq)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: айырыу (ayırıw)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: айыруу (ayıruu)
  - Southern Altai: айырар (ayïrar)
Siberian:
- ⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰑𐰺𐰞 (adrïl-)
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: атыр (atır)
- South Siberian:
  - Yeniseian Turkic:
    - Khakas: азырарға (azırarğa)
→ Mongolian: ажрах (ažrax, “to distinguish, notice”)^[3]

References

^ Erdal, Marcel (1991) Old Turkic Word Formation‎^[1], volume II, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 535
^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “aymak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
^ Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2015) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 42

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “aḏır-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 66
al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943
Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, page 114
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “ayırmak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 6
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*adɨ-r-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[1] Erdal, Marcel (1991) Old Turkic Word Formation‎^[1], volume II, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 535

[2] Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “aymak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

[3] Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2015) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 42

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