Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/meluks
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ- (“to milk”). Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb).[1]
The presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages, and in the High German shift /k/ → /x/.
Possible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:
- According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.[2]
- According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.[3]
- According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (“temple”).[4]
- According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (“to milk”), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]*meluks f
Inflection
[edit]| consonant stemDeclension of *meluks (consonant stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | *meluks | *melukiz | |
| vocative | *meluk | *melukiz | |
| accusative | *melukų | *melukunz | |
| genitive | *melukiz | *melukǫ̂ | |
| dative | *meluki | *melukumaz | |
| instrumental | *melukē | *melukumiz | |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-West Germanic: *meluk
- Old English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc
- Old Frisian: melok (all descendants are merged with molken < *mulknō)
- Old Saxon: miluk
- Old Dutch: miluc
- Old High German: miluh
- Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk, miolk — Old East Norse
- Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)
- → Proto-Samic: *mielkkē (see there for further descendants)
- →? Proto-Slavic: *melko (see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*meluk-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 364
- ^ Kümmel, M.J. (2004), Ungeklärtes *u neben Liquida in germanischen Nomina, in: A. Hyllested, A. R. Jørgensen (et al. eds.), Per Aspera ad Asteriscos. Studia Indogermanica in honorem Jens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii Idibus Martiis anno MMMIV (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 112), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, 291-303. p. 298
- ^ Szemerenyi, O. (1987-1992), Scripta minora, selected essays in Inda-European, Greek, and Latin. Innsbruck
- ^ Bammesberger, A. (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens. Heidelberg
- ^ “mjølk” in Ivar Aasen (1873) Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring