Appendix:Mapudungun verbs

Mapudungun verb conjugation can be done in two different ways. Traditional Spanish linguists have tense affixes and affixes of grammatical polarity within the verb conjugation of Mapudungun verbs. That approach makes the Mapudungun verb conjugation similar to Spanish verb conjugation.

An alternative way of looking at Mapudungun verb conjugation is to not include any affixes. Here is the alternative way of verb conjugation explained. Creating tense by using affixes can be read about in the Appendix:Mapudungun affixes.

A verb is inflected to show a mood, the person and a number. There are three finite moods: Realis, conditional and volitive. Verbs can be inflected to first-, second- and third-person in singular, dual and plural. Dual means two persons, plural means more than two people.

Non-finite mood forms

A verb that is not inflected is the infinitive and another categories. It is constituted by a the words root and -n or -vn, -lu, -m, -wma and -el. The lemma form of Mapudungun verbs are in the first-person singular realis present form, similarly to Latin and Ancient Greek verbs.

Finite mood forms

Realis

Verbs in the realis mood indicate that the action is real. The verb indicates an action that is completed (Iñce amun = I went or I have gone). Some verbs indicate actions that are not completed actions but continuous (Iñce nien = I have).

Conditional

Verbs in the conditional mood indicate an action that might happen and that it is a condition for something else to happen. (feyegvn amule egvn... = "If they leave... I will stay")

Volitive

Verbs in the volitive mood indicate an action that the speaker wishes to happen. (Iñce amuci = I want to go)

Grammatical polarity

In English the particle not is used to show that an action is negative (ex: I did not shoot that man). In Mapudungun there is a particle for each mood to make an action negative. The particle is put between the word root and the verb conjugation ending.

-la- for realis mood.
-no- for non finite forms and conditional mood.
-ki- for volitive mood.

Example: ñi amunon

amulan - (I don't/didn't go)

amunuli - (If I don't go...)

amukilge / amukinolge - (Don't go!)

Paradigms

The conjugation of Mapudungun verbs tends to be regular, although there are few peculiarities. The infinitive suffix -vn, is actually pronounced -ün in Unified Alphabet and should not to be mistaken as a consonant cluster; resulted from two impermissible consonants.

Example

Positive conjugation of amun (see also Appendix:Mapudungun verbs)

person		singular			dual			plural
Infinitive¹			amuael
Root			amu-
Tense particles (See particles)			-a- (future tense)
			-pe- (past tense)
			-fu- (distant past tense)
person		first	second	third	first	second	third	first	second	third
Realis mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
	present	amun	amuymi	amuy	amuyu	amuymu	amuygu	amuyiñ	amuymvn	amuygvn
	past	amupen	amupeymi	amupe	amupeyu	amupeymu	amupeygu	amupeyiñ	amupeymvn	amupeygvn
	distant past	amufun	amufuymi	amufu	amufuyu	amufuymu	amufuygu	amufuyiñ	amufuymvn	amufuygvn
	future	amuan	amuaymi	amuay	amuayu	amuaymu	amuaygu	amuayiñ	amuaymvn	amuaygvn

Conditional mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
Conditional mood	present	amuli	amulimi	amule	amuliyu	amulimu	amule egu	amuliyiñ	amulimvn	amule egvn

Volitive mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
Volitive mood	present	amuci	amuge	amupe	amuyu	amumu	amupe egu	amuyiñ	amumvn	amupe egvn

Negative conjugation of amun

person		singular			dual			plural
Infinitive¹			amunoael
Tense particles (See particles)			-a- (future tense)
			-pe- (past tense)
			-fu- (distant past tense)
person		first	second	third	first	second	third	first	second	third
Realis mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
	present	amulan	amulaymi	amulay	amulayu	amulaymu	amulaygu	amulayiñ	amulaymvn	amulaygvn
	past	amulapen	amulapeymi	amulapey	amulapeyu	amulapeymu	amulapeygu	amulapeyiñ	amulapeymvn	amulapeygvn
	distant past	amulafun	amulafuymi	amulafuy	amulafuyu	amulafuymu	amulafuygu	amulafuyiñ	amulafuymvn	amulafuygvn
	future	amulayan	amulayaymi	amulayay	amulayayu	amulayaymu	amulayaygu	amulayayiñ	amulayaymvn	amulayaygvn

Conditional mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
Conditional mood	present	amunoli	amunolimi	amunole	amunoliyu	amunolimu	amunole egu	amunoliyiñ	amunolimvn	amunole egvn

Volitive mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
Volitive mood	present	amukilci	amukilge	amukilpe	amukilyu	amukilmu	amukilpe egu	amukilyiñ	amukilmvn	amukilpe egvn

¹Only usable with free personal pronouns.

Positive conjugation of ayvn (see also Appendix:Mapudungun verbs)

person		singular			dual			plural
Infinitive¹			ayael
Root			ay-
Tense particles (See particles)			-a- (future tense)
			-pe- (past tense)
			-fu- (distant past tense)
person		first	second	third	first	second	third	first	second	third
Realis mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
	present	ayvn	ayimi	ayi	ayiyu	ayimu	ayigu	ayiyiñ	ayimvn	ayigvn
	past	aypen	aypeymi	aype	aypeyu	aypeymu	aypeygu	aypeyiñ	aypeymvn	aypeygvn
	distant past	ayfun	ayfuymi	ayfu	ayfuyu	ayfuymu	ayfuygu	ayfuyiñ	ayfuymvn	ayfuygvn
	future	ayan	ayaymi	ayay	ayayu	ayaymu	ayaygu	ayayiñ	ayaymvn	ayaygvn

Conditional mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
Conditional mood	present	ayli	aylimi	ayle	ayliyu	aylimu	ayle egu	ayliyiñ	aylimvn	ayle egvn

Volitive mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
Volitive mood	present	ayci	ayge	aype	ayyu	aymu	aype egu	ayyiñ	aymvn	aype egvn

Negative conjugation of ayvn

person		singular			dual			plural
Infinitive¹			aynoael
Tense particles (See particles)			-a- (future tense)
			-pe- (past tense)
			-fu- (distant past tense)
person		first	second	third	first	second	third	first	second	third
Realis mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
	present	aylan	aylaymi	aylay	aylayu	aylaymu	aylaygu	aylayiñ	aylaymvn	aylaygvn
	past	aylapen	aylapeymi	aylapey	aylapeyu	aylapeymu	aylapeygu	aylapeyiñ	aylapeymvn	aylapeygvn
	distant past	aylafun	aylafuymi	aylafuy	aylafuyu	aylafuymu	aylafuygu	aylafuyiñ	aylafuymvn	aylafuygvn
	future	aylayan	aylayaymi	aylayay	aylayayu	aylayaymu	aylayaygu	aylayayiñ	aylayaymvn	aylayaygvn

Conditional mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
Conditional mood	present	aynoli	aynolimi	aynole	aynoliyu	aynolimu	aynole egu	aynoliyiñ	aynolimvn	aynole egvn

Volitive mood		iñce	eymi	fey	iñciw	eymu	feygu	iñciñ	eymvn	feygvn
Volitive mood	present	aykilci	aykilge	aykilpe	aykilyu	aykilmu	aykilpe egu	aykilyiñ	aykilmvn	aykilpe egvn