Lipid Synthesis Under Hydrothermal Conditions by Fischer- Tropsch-Type Reactions

• Abrajano, T. A., Sturchio, N. C., Bohlke, J. K., Lyon, G. L., Poreda, R. J. and Stevens, C. M.: 1988, Methane-hydrogen gas seeps, Zambales Ophiolite, Philippines: Deep or shallow origin? Chem. Geol. 71, 211–222.

  Google Scholar 

• Anders, E., Hayatsu, R. and Studier, M. H.: 1974, Interstellar molecules: Origin of catalytic reactions on grain surfaces? Astrophys. J. 192, 401–405.

  Google Scholar 

• Anderson, R. B.: 1984, The Fischer-Tropsch Reaction (Academic Press, London).

  Google Scholar 

• Asinger, F.: 1968, Paraffins. Chemistry and Technology (translated by B. J. Hazzard), Pergamon Press, Oxford.

  Google Scholar 

• Bardy, R. C. III and Pettit, R.: 1981, On the mechanism of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. The chain propagation step. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 103, 1287–1289.

  Google Scholar 

• Barmann, H.: 1980, ‘Koch Reactions’, in J. Falbe (ed.), New Syntheses with Carbon Monoxide, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), pp. 372–413.

  Google Scholar 

• Berndt, M. E. and Seyfried, W. E., Jr.: 1997, Effect of olivine alteration and dissolution kinetics on the redox state of carbon and sulfur in the oceanic crust. AGU 1997 Fall Meeting, EOS 78(46), F773.

  Google Scholar 

• Berndt, M. E., Allen, D.W. and Seyfried, W. E., Jr.: 1996, Reduction of CO₂ during serpentinization of olivine at 300 ∘C and 500 bar. Geology 24, 351–354.

  Google Scholar 

• Bray, E. E. and Evans, E. D.: 1961, Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source beds. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 22, 2–15.

  Google Scholar 

• Charlou, J. and Donval, J.: 1993, Hydrothermal methane venting between 12∘N and 6∘N along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 9625–9642.

  Google Scholar 

• Corliss, J. B., Baross, J. A. and Hoffman, S. E.: 1981, An hypothesis concerning the relationship between submarine hot springs and the origin of life on Earth. Oceanol. Acta, No. SP, 59–69.

• Crossey, L. J.: 1991, Thermal degradation of aqueous oxalate species. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 1515–1527.

  Google Scholar 

• Elliot, R. C., Hallen, R. T. and Sealock, L. J., Jr.: 1983, Aqueous catalyst systems for the water-gas shift reaction. 2. Mechanism of basic catalysis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 22, 431–435.

  Google Scholar 

• Ferris, J. P.: 1992, ‘Chemical Markers of Prebiotic Chemistry in Hydrothermal Systems’, in Holm, N. G. (ed.), Marine Hydrothermal Systems and the Origin of Life, Origins Life and Evol. Biosphere 22, 109–134.

• Fischer, F.: 1935, Die Synthese der Treibstoffe (Kogasin) und Schmieröle aus Kohlenoxyd und Wasserstoff bei gewöhnlichem Druck. Brennstoff-Chemie 16, 1–11.

  Google Scholar 

• Gelpi, E., Han, L., Nooner, D. W. and Oró, J.: 1970, Closed system Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over meteoritic iron, iron ore and nickel-iron alloy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34, 965–979.

  Google Scholar 

• Giggenbach, W. F.: 1997, Relative importance of thermodynamic and kinetic processes in governing the chemical and isotopic composition of carbon gases in high-heatflow sedimentary basins. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 3763–3785.

  Google Scholar 

• Gold, T. and Soter, S.: 1982, Abiogenic methane and the origin of petroleum. Energy Exploration and Exploitation 1, 89–104.

  Google Scholar 

• Holm, N. G. (ed.): 1992, Marine Hydrothermal Systems and the Origin of Life (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands).

  Google Scholar 

• Horvath, I. T. and Siskin, M.: 1991, Direct evidence for formate ion formation during the reaction of coals with carbon monoxide and water. Energy and Fuels 5, 932–933.

  Google Scholar 

• Hunt, J. M.: 1996, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, 2nd ed., W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, 743 pp.

  Google Scholar 

• Koch, H. and Gilfert, W.: 1955, Part of the work of H. Koch in: Carbonsäure Synthese aus Olefinen, Kohlenoxyd und Wasser, Brennstoff-Chemie 36, 321–352.

  Google Scholar 

• Kugler, E. L. and Steffgen, F. W. (eds.): 1979, Hydrocarbon Synthesis from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen, American Chemical Society, Advances in Chemistry Series 178, Washington, D.C.

  Google Scholar 

• Leif, R. N. and Simoneit, B. R. T.: 1998, The role of alkenes produced during the hydrous pyrolysis of a shale. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, submitted.

• Leif, R. N. and Simoneit, B. R. T.: 1995a, Confined-pyrolysis as an experimental method for hydrothermal organic synthesis. Origins Life and Evol. Biosphere 25, 417–429.

  Google Scholar 

• Leif, R. N. and Simoneit, B. R. T.: 1995b, Ketones in hydrothermal petroleums and sediment extracts from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Org. Geochem. 23, 889–904.

  Google Scholar 

• Maitlis, P.M., Long, H. C., Quyoum, R., Turner, M. L. and Wang, Z.: 1996, Heterogeneous catalysis of C-C bond formation: black art of organometallic science? Chem. Comm., 1–8.

• Martens, C. S.: 1990, Generation of short chain organic acid anions in hydrothermally altered sediments of the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Appl. Geochem. 5, 71–76.

  Google Scholar 

• Mathez, E. A.: 1987, Carbonaceous matter in mantle xenoliths: Composition and relevance to the isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 2339–2347.

  Google Scholar 

• Miller, S. L. and Bada, J. L.: 1988, Submarine hotsprings and the origin of life. Nature 334, 609–611.

  Google Scholar 

• Morgan, G. B. IV, Chou, I.-Ming and Pasteris, J. D.: 1992, Speciation in experimental C-O-H fluids produced by the thermal dissociation of oxalic acid dihydrate. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 56, 281–294.

  Google Scholar 

• Nooner, D. W. and Oró, J.: 1979, ‘Synthesis of Fatty Acids by a Closed System Fischer-Tropsch Process’, in E. L. Kugler and F. W. Steffgen (eds.), Hydrocarbon Synthesis from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen, Amer. Chem. Soc., Adv. Chem Ser. 178, pp. 159–171.

• Palmer, D. A., Weselowski, D. J. and Bell, J. L. S.: 1993, EMF measurements of oxalic and formic acid decomposition kinetics and interaction of acetate with aluminum (III) to high temperatures. EOS 74(16), 327–328.

  Google Scholar 

• Salvi, S. and Williams-Jones, A. E.: 1997, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons during subsolidus alteration of the Strange Lake peralkaline granite, Quebec/Labrador, Canada. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 83–99.

  Google Scholar 

• Satterfield, C. N. and Huff, G. A., Jr.: 1982, Carbon number distribution of Fischer-Tropsch products formed on an iron catalyst in a slurry reactor. J. of Catalysis 73, 187–197.

  Google Scholar 

• Satterfield, C. N., Hanlon, R. T., Tung, S. E., Zou, Z.-M. and Papaefthymiou, G. C.: 1986a, Initial behavior of a reduced fused-magnetite catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 25, 401–407.

  Google Scholar 

• Satterfield, C. N., Hanlon, R. T., Tung, S. E., Zou, Z.-M. and Papaefthymiou, G. C.: 1986b, Effect of water on the iron-catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 25, 407–414.

  Google Scholar 

• Sherwood Lollar, B., Frape, S. K., Weise, S. M., Fritz, P., Macko, S. A. and Welhan, J. A.: 1993, Abiogenic methanogenesis in crystalline rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 5087–5097.

  Google Scholar 

• Shock, E.: 1990, Geochemical constraints on the origin of organic compounds in hydrothermal systems. Orig. Life and Evol. Biosphere 20, 331–367.

  Google Scholar 

• Simoneit, B. R. T.: 1995, Evidence for organic synthesis in high temperature aqueous media-facts and prognosis. Orig. Life and Evol. Biosphere 25, 119–140.

  Google Scholar 

• Simoneit, B. R. T. (ed).: 1990, Organic matter in hydrothermal systems – maturation, migration and biogeochemistry. Appl. Geochem. 5, 1–248.

  Google Scholar 

• Simoneit, B. R. T., Kawka, O. E. and Brault, M.: 1988, Origin of gases and condensates in the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal system (Gulf of California). Chem. Geol. 71, 169–182.

  Google Scholar 

• Stepanov, A. G., Luzgin, M. V., Romannikov, V. N. and Zamaraev, K. I.: 1995, NMR observation of Koch reaction in zeolite H-ZSM-5 under mild conditions. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 117, 3615–3616.

  Google Scholar 

• Studier, M. H., Hayatsu, R. and Anders, E.: 1968, Origin of organic matter in the early solar system-I. Hydrocarbons. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 32, 151–173.

  Google Scholar 

• Sugisaki, R. and Mimura, K.: 1994, Mantle hydrocarbons: Abiotic or biotic? Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 2527–2542.

  Google Scholar 

• Szatmari, P.: 1989, Petroleum formation by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in plate tectonics. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 73, 989–998.

  Google Scholar 

• Tingle, T. N. and Hochella, M. F., Jr.: 1993, Formation of reduced carbonaceous matter in basalts and xenoliths: Reaction of C-O-H gases on olivine crack surfaces. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 3245–3249.

  Google Scholar 

• Tissot, B. P. and Welte, D. H.: 1984, Petroleum Formation and Occurrence, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 699 pp.

  Google Scholar 

• Welhan, J. A.: 1988, Origins of methane in hydrothermal systems. Chem. Geol. 71, 183–198.

  Google Scholar 

• Welhan, J. A. and Lupton, J. E.: 1987, Light hydrocarbon gases in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal fluids: thermogenic versus abiogenic origin. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. 71, 215–223.

  Google Scholar 

• Weres, O., Newton, A. S. and Tsao, L.: 1988, Hydrous pyrolysis of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and ethers. Org. Geochem. 12, 433–444.

  Google Scholar 

• Yoshino, D., Hayatsu, R. and Anders, E.: 1971, Origin of organic matter in early solar system-III. Amino acids: catalytic synthesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 35, 927–938.

  Google Scholar 

Download references