More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

research-article

One-Hop Out-of-Band Control Planes for Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks

Authors:

Xin LouAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN), Volume 15, Issue 4

Article No.: 40, Pages 1 - 29

https://doi.org/10.1145/3342100

Published: 29 July 2019 Publication History

Abstract

Separation of Control and Data Planes (SCDP) is a desirable paradigm for low-power multi-hop wireless sensor networks requiring high network performance and manageability. Existing SCDP networks generally adopt an in-band control plane scheme in that the control-plane messages are delivered by their data-plane networks. The physical coupling of the two planes may lead to undesirable consequences. Recently, multi-radio platforms (e.g., TI CC1350 and OpenMote B) are increasingly available, which make the physical separation of the control and data planes possible. To advance the network architecture design, we propose to leverage on the long-range communication capability of the Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) radios to form one-hop out-of-band control planes. LoRaWAN, an open, inexpensive, and ISM band based LPWAN radio, is chosen to prototype our out-of-band control plane called LoRaCP. Several characteristics of LoRaWAN such as downlink-uplink asymmetry and primitive ALOHA media access control need to be dealt with to achieve high reliability and efficiency. To address these challenges, a TDMA-based multi-channel transmission control is designed, which features an urgent channel and negative acknowledgment. On a testbed of 16 nodes, LoRaCP is applied to physically separate the control-plane network of the Collection Tree Protocol (CTP) from its Zigbee-based data-plane network. Extensive experiments show that LoRaCP increases CTP’s packet delivery ratio from 65% to 80% in the presence of external interference, while consuming a per-node average radio power of 2.97mW only.

References

[1]

2015. The Smart Economy: The Internet of Everything. Technical Report. Semico Research 8 Consulting Group.

[2]

2018. TinyOS Production. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://github.com/tinyprod.

[3]

2019. iC880A - LoRaWAN Concentrator 868MHz. Retrieved Jun 3, 2019 from https://wireless-solutions.de/products/radiomodules/ic880a.html.

[4]

Atul Adya, Paramvir Bahl, Jitendra Padhye, Alec Wolman, and Lidong Zhou. 2004. A multi-radio unification protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. In The 1st International Conference on Broadband Networks (BroadNets). IEEE, 344--354.

Digital Library

[5]

Michael P. Andersen, Gabe Fierro, and David E. Culler. 2016. System design for a synergistic, low power mote/ble embedded platform. In The 15th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’16). IEEE, 1--12.

Digital Library

[6]

Paramvir Bahl, Atul Adya, Jitendra Padhye, and Alec Walman. 2004. Reconsidering wireless systems with multiple radios. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 34, 5 (2004), 39--46.

Digital Library

[7]

Inc. Bluetooth SIG. 2019. Bluetooth LE: Mesh. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://www.bluetooth.com/bluetooth-technology/topology-options.

[8]

Pietro Boccadoro, Michele Barile, Giuseppe Piro, and Luigi Alfredo Grieco. 2016. Energy consumption analysis of TSCH-enabled platforms for the Industrial-IoT. In IEEE 2nd International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Leveraging a Better Tomorrow (RTSI’16). IEEE, 1--5.

[9]

Pietro Boccadoro, Giuseppe Piro, Domenico Striccoli, and Luigi Alfredo Grieco. 2018. Experimental comparison of industrial internet of things protocol stacks in time slotted channel hopping scenarios. In IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’18). IEEE, 1--6.

[10]

Orne Brocaar. 2019. LoRa server system architecture. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://www.loraserver.io/overview/architecture/.

[11]

Federal Communications Commission. 2019. FCC Regulations for ISM Band Devices: 902--928 MHz. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://www.semtech.com/uploads/documents/fcc_part15_regulations_semtech.pdf.

[12]

Info Communications Media Development Authority of Singapore. 2017. Spectrum Management Handbook (Issue 1 Rev 2.9 - July 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://bit.ly/2QL6jr5.

[13]

Contiki. 2019. Contiki-NG. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from http://www.contiki-ng.org/.

[14]

Peter Dely, Andreas Kassler, and Nico Bayer. 2011. OpenFlow for wireless mesh networks. In The 20th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN’11). IEEE, 1--6.

[15]

Silvia Demetri, Marco Zúñiga, Gian Pietro Picco, Fernando Kuipers, Lorenzo Bruzzone, and Thomas Telkamp. 2019. Automated estimation of link quality for LoRa: A remote sensing approach. In The 18th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’19).

Digital Library

[16]

Adwait Dongare, Revathy Narayanan, Akshay Gadre, Anh Luong, Artur Balanuta, Swarun Kumar, Bob Iannucci, and Anthony Rowe. 2018. Charm: Exploiting geographical diversity through coherent combining in low-power wide-area networks. In The 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’18). IEEE, 60--71.

Digital Library

[17]

Gholamhossein Ekbatanifard, Philipp Sommer, Branislav Kusy, Venkat Iyer, and Koen Langendoen. 2013. Fastforward: High-throughput dual-radio streaming. In IEEE 10th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS’13). IEEE, 209--213.

Digital Library

[18]

Rashad Eletreby, Diana Zhang, Swarun Kumar, and Osman Yağan. 2017. Empowering low-power wide area networks in urban settings. In The Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM’17). ACM, 309--321.

Digital Library

[19]

Modtronix Engineering. 2018. Wireless SX1276 LoRa Module. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from http://modtronix.com/inair9b.html.

[20]

Omprakash Gnawali, Rodrigo Fonseca, Kyle Jamieson, David Moss, and Philip Levis. 2009. Collection tree protocol. In The 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys’09). ACM, 1--14.

Digital Library

[21]

Karim Habak, Khaled A. Harras, and Moustafa Youssef. 2015. Bandwidth aggregation techniques in heterogeneous multi-homed devices: A survey. Computer Networks 92 (2015), 168--188.

Digital Library

[22]

Mehrdad Hessar, Ali Najafi, and Shyamnath Gollakota. 2019. NetScatter: Enabling large-scale backscatter networks. In The 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI’19). USENIX.

Digital Library

[23]

Huawei Huang, Song Guo, Weifa Liang, Keqiu Li, Baoliu Ye, and Weihua Zhuang. 2016. Near-optimal routing protection for in-band software-defined heterogeneous networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (J-SAC) 34, 11 (2016), 2918--2934.

Digital Library

[24]

Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2018. CC1352R. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from http://www.ti.com/product/CC1352R.

[25]

Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2018. TI CC1350. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from http://www.ti.com/product/CC1350.

[26]

Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2018. TI SensorTag. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from http://www.ti.com/ww/en/wireless_connectivity/sensortag/.

[27]

Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2019. SimpleLink. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from http://www.ti.com/wireless-connectivity/simplelink-solutions/overview/overview.html.

[28]

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute. 2019. Technical Characteristics for Low Power Wide Area Networks Chirp Spread Spectrum (LPWAN-CSS) Operating in the UHF Spectrum Below 1 GHz. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://www.etsi.org/docdeliver/etsi_tr/103500_103599/103526/01.01.01_60/tr_103526v010101p.docx.

[29]

Nachikethas A. Jagadeesan and Bhaskar Krishnamachari. 2015. Software-defined networking paradigms in wireless networks: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 47, 2 (2015), 27.

Digital Library

[30]

Anders R. Jensen, Mads Lauridsen, Preben Mogensen, Troels B. Sørensen, and Per Jensen. 2012. LTE UE power consumption model: For system level energy and performance optimization. In 2012 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall). IEEE, 1--5.

[31]

Srikanth Kandula, Kate Ching-Ju Lin, Tural Badirkhanli, and Dina Katabi. 2008. FatVAP: Aggregating AP backhaul capacity to maximize throughput. In The 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI’08), Vol. 8. 89--104.

Digital Library

[32]

Murad Kaplan, Chenyu Zheng, Matthew Monaco, Eric Keller, and Douglas Sicker. 2014. WASP: A software-defined communication layer for hybrid wireless networks. In ACM/IEEE Symposium on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems (ANCS’14). IEEE, 5--15.

Digital Library

[33]

Lorenzo Keller, Anh Le, Blerim Cici, Hulya Seferoglu, Christina Fragouli, and Athina Markopoulou. 2012. Microcast: Cooperative video streaming on smartphones. In The 10th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys). ACM, 57--70.

Digital Library

[34]

Philip Levis, Nelson Lee, Matt Welsh, and David Culler. 2003. TOSSIM: Accurate and scalable simulation of entire TinyOS applications. In The 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys’03). ACM, 126--137.

Digital Library

[35]

Jansen C. Liando, Amalinda Gamage, Agustinus W. Tengourtious, and Mo Li. {n.d.}. Known and unknown facts of LoRa: Experiences from a large scale measurement study. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN) ({n.d.}). Accepted, in press.

Digital Library

[36]

Yeon-sup Lim, Yung-Chih Chen, Erich M. Nahum, Don Towsley, Richard J. Gibbens, and Emmanuel Cecchet. 2015. Design, implementation, and evaluation of energy-aware multi-path TCP. In The 11th ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies (CoNEXT’15). ACM, 30.

Digital Library

[37]

International Labmate Limited. 2012. WirelessHART Installed Networks Exceed 8,000 at Major Manufacturing Sites Worldwide. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://bit.ly/2SiwSbu.

[38]

Tie Luo, Hwee-Pink Tan, and Tony Q. S. Quek. 2012. Sensor OpenFlow: Enabling software-defined wireless sensor networks. IEEE Communications Letters 16, 11 (2012), 1896--1899.

[39]

Dimitrios Lymberopoulos, Nissanka B. Priyantha, Michel Goraczko, and Feng Zhao. 2008. Towards energy efficient design of multi-radio platforms for wireless sensor networks. In The 7th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’08). IEEE, 257--268.

Digital Library

[40]

Paul J. Marcelis, Vijay S. Rao, and R. Venkatesha Prasad. 2017. DaRe: Data recovery through application layer coding for LoRaWAN. In IEEE/ACM Second International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI’17). IEEE, 97--108.

Digital Library

[41]

Microchip. 2019. RN2483. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://www.microchip.com/wwwproducts/en/RN2483.

[42]

Microchip. 2019. RN2483: Low-Power Long Range LoRa Technology Transceiver Module. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://bit.ly/2HOeuQF.

[43]

Monsoon Solutions, Inc. 2019. Monsoon Power Monitor. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from http://msoon.github.io/powermonitor/PowerTool/doc/LVPM%20Manual.pdf.

[44]

Di Mu, Yunpeng Ge, Mo Sha, Steve Paul, Niranjan Ravichandra, and Souma Chowdhury. 2017. Adaptive radio and transmission power selection for Internet of Things. In IEEE/ACM 25th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS’17). IEEE, 1--10.

[45]

Ashkan Nikravesh, Yihua Guo, Feng Qian, Z. Morley Mao, and Subhabrata Sen. 2016. An in-depth understanding of multipath TCP on mobile devices: Measurement and system design. In The 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom’16). ACM, 189--201.

Digital Library

[46]

Shahriar Nirjon, Angela Nicoara, Cheng-Hsin Hsu, Jatinder Pal Singh, and John A. Stankovic. 2014. MultiNets: A system for real-time switching between multiple network interfaces on mobile devices. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) 13, 4s (2014), 121.

Digital Library

[47]

Bruno Astuto A. Nunes, Marc Mendonca, Xuan-Nam Nguyen, Katia Obraczka, and Thierry Turletti. 2014. A survey of software-defined networking: Past, present, and future of programmable networks. IEEE Communications Surveys 8 Tutorials 16, 3 (2014), 1617--1634.

[48]

S. L. Openmote Technologies. 2018. Openmote. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from http://www.openmote.com/.

[49]

Yao Peng, Longfei Shangguan, Yue Hu, Yujie Qian, Xianshang Lin, Xiaojiang Chen, Dingyi Fang, and Kyle Jamieson. 2018. PLoRa: A passive long-range data network from ambient LoRa transmissions. In The 2018 Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM’18). ACM, 147--160.

Digital Library

[50]

T. Petrić, M. Goessens, L. Nuaymi, L. Toutain, and A. Pelov. 2016. Measurements, performance and analysis of LoRa FABIAN, a real-world implementation of LPWAN. In IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’16). 1--7.

[51]

Pycom. 2019. LoPy4. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://pycom.io/product/lopy4/.

[52]

RIOT. 2013. RIOT: The Friendly Operating System for the Internet of Things. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://riot-os.org/.

[53]

Semtech. 2019. SX1272/3/6/7/8: LoRa Modem Designer’s Guide. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://bit.ly/2WozGWo.

[54]

Semtech. 2019. SX1276/77/78/79--137MHz to 1020MHz Low Power Long Range Transceiver. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://www.semtech.com/uploads/documents/DS_SX1276-7-8-9_W_APP_V6.pdf.

[55]

Vamsi Talla, Mehrdad Hessar, Bryce Kellogg, Ali Najafi, Joshua R. Smith, and Shyamnath Gollakota. 2017. Lora backscatter: Enabling the vision of ubiquitous connectivity. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 1, 3 (2017), 105.

Digital Library

[56]

Viktor Toldov, Laurent Clavier, and Nathalie Mitton. 2018. Multi-channel distributed MAC protocol for WSN-based wildlife monitoring. In 2018 14th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob’18). IEEE, 1--8.

[57]

Viktor Toldov, J. P. Meijers, Roman Igual-Perez, Riaan Wolhuter, Nathalie Mitton, and Laurent Clavier. 2016. Performance evaluation of LoRa radio solution for PREDNET wildlife animal tracking project. In 1st Annual LPWAN Conference.

[58]

Ambuj Varshney, Oliver Harms, Carlos Pérez-Penichet, Christian Rohner, Frederik Hermans, and Thiemo Voigt. 2017. LoRea: A backscatter architecture that achieves a long communication range. In The 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems (SenSys’17). ACM, 18.

Digital Library

[59]

Veniam. 2016. Creating the World’s Largest Network of Connected Vehicles for Smart Cities. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://www.worldwifiday.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/3.-PortoCaseStudy_Letter_2016-04-15.pdf.

[60]

Bill Zalud. 2013. How Mesh Networks Form the Backbone of Smart Cities. Retrieved June 3, 2019 from https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/84986-how-mesh-networks-form-the-backbone-of-smart-cities.

Cited By

Jain AHaque MSaifullah AZhang H(2024)Burst-MAC: A MAC Protocol for Handling Burst Traffic in LoRa Network2024 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS)10.1109/RTSS62706.2024.00022(148-160)Online publication date: 10-Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS62706.2024.00022
Liu JLiu Y(2024)High-Throughput Real-Time Reliable Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Network: Implementation and AnalysisIEEE Sensors Journal10.1109/JSEN.2024.343433424:17(28251-28266)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3434334
Qin HChen WLi NWang TDeng YYang GPeng Y(2024)CDR: Bandwidth-Efficient Cross-Interface Downlink Relay Scheme for Low-Power Multihop Wireless NetworksIEEE Internet of Things Journal10.1109/JIOT.2024.335063411:9(16212-16226)Online publication date: 1-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3350634
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

One-Hop Out-of-Band Control Planes for Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks
1. Computer systems organization
  1. Embedded and cyber-physical systems
    1. Sensor networks
2. Networks
  1. Network properties
    1. Network manageability

Recommendations

One-Hop Out-of-Band Control Planes for Low-Power Multi-Hop Wireless Networks
IEEE INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications
Separation of control and data planes (SCDP) is a desirable paradigm for low-power multi-hop wireless networks requiring high network performance and manageability. Existing SCDP networks generally adopt an in-band control plane scheme in that the control-...
Contention in multi-hop wireless networks: model and fairness analysis
MSWiM '09: Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems

In multi-hop wireless networks with Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), unfairness may arise due to a number of reasons. A majority of the existing work focuses on fairness issues due to hidden terminals and the impact on backoff mechanisms. This ...
Fairness in multi-hop wireless backhaul networks: a dynamic estimation approach
QShine '08: Proceedings of the 5th International ICST Conference on Heterogeneous Networking for Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness

In this work, we consider the problem of fairness for Transit Access Points (TAP) in multi-hop wireless backhaul networks. Existing approaches are not practical due to the requirement for modifications to the MAC layer or queueing operations of TAPs, or ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks

ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks Volume 15, Issue 4

November 2019

373 pages

ISSN:1550-4859

EISSN:1550-4867

DOI:10.1145/3352582

Editor:
Yunhao Liu
Tsinghua University, China

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2019 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Journal Family

ACM Journals for the Design of Smart and Connected Systems

Publication History

Published: 29 July 2019

Accepted: 01 June 2019

Revised: 01 June 2019

Received: 01 March 2019

Published in TOSN Volume 15, Issue 4

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed

Funding Sources

Nanyang Technological University
CoE Seed

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

14
Total Citations
View Citations
333
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)16
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)6

Reflects downloads up to 05 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Jain AHaque MSaifullah AZhang H(2024)Burst-MAC: A MAC Protocol for Handling Burst Traffic in LoRa Network2024 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS)10.1109/RTSS62706.2024.00022(148-160)Online publication date: 10-Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS62706.2024.00022
Liu JLiu Y(2024)High-Throughput Real-Time Reliable Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Network: Implementation and AnalysisIEEE Sensors Journal10.1109/JSEN.2024.343433424:17(28251-28266)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3434334
Qin HChen WLi NWang TDeng YYang GPeng Y(2024)CDR: Bandwidth-Efficient Cross-Interface Downlink Relay Scheme for Low-Power Multihop Wireless NetworksIEEE Internet of Things Journal10.1109/JIOT.2024.335063411:9(16212-16226)Online publication date: 1-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3350634
Qin HLi NWang TYang GPeng Y(2024)CDT: Cross-interface Data Transfer scheme for bandwidth-efficient LoRa communications in energy harvesting multi-hop wireless networksJournal of Network and Computer Applications10.1016/j.jnca.2024.103935229(103935)Online publication date: Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2024.103935
Gamage ALiando JGu CTan RLi MSeller O(2023)LMAC: Efficient Carrier-Sense Multiple Access for LoRaACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/356453019:2(1-27)Online publication date: 3-Feb-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3564530
Mu DChen YChen XShi JSha M(2023)Enabling Direct Message Dissemination in Industrial Wireless Networks via Cross-Technology CommunicationIEEE INFOCOM 2023 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications10.1109/INFOCOM53939.2023.10228891(1-10)Online publication date: 17-May-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM53939.2023.10228891
Lara AGuillén EReales WLopez L(2023)Enhancing LoRa Communication: A Comprehensive Review of Improvement Techniques2023 7th International Conference on System Reliability and Safety (ICSRS)10.1109/ICSRS59833.2023.10381139(507-512)Online publication date: 22-Nov-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSRS59833.2023.10381139
Huang MGong BZhou XWang TWang Y(2023)HICTransactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies10.1002/ett.480234:8Online publication date: 3-Aug-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1002/ett.4802
Gburzynski PNikolaidis I(2022)Rule-Driven Forwarding for Resilient WSN InfrastructuresSensors10.3390/s2222870822:22(8708)Online publication date: 11-Nov-2022
https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228708
Sun ZYang HLiu KYin ZLi ZXu W(2022)Recent Advances in LoRa: A Comprehensive SurveyACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/354385618:4(1-44)Online publication date: 29-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3543856
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Issue’s Table of Contents