[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ skip to main content
10.1145/3570361.3592506acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesmobicomConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Experience: A Three-Year Retrospective of Large-scale Multipath Transport Deployment for Mobile Applications

Published: 10 July 2023 Publication History

Abstract

Multipath transport allows the simultaneous use of diverse paths on mobile devices to maximize mobile resource usage. Over the years, we have witnessed several mobile multipath deployment examples by network operators and mobile app providers. However, existing deployment methods require modifications to either the network infrastructure or both endpoints. To lower the bar of the deployment, we present Fleety, a mobile system service that provides the multi-path transport capability with client-only modification. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to carry out a large-scale mobile multipath deployment that can support hundreds of mobile applications in the cross-ISP setting. This paper is a retrospective of our experience in building and deploying multipath transport for mobile applications. We reveal several practical deployment challenges and share our experience in dealing with them.

References

[1]
Bo Han, Feng Qian, Lusheng Ji, and Vijay Gopalakrishnan. MP-DASH: Adaptive video streaming over preference-aware multipath. In ACM CoNEXT, 2016.
[2]
Bo Han, Feng Qian, and Lusheng Ji. When should we surf the mobile web using both Wi-Fi and cellular? In ACM AllThingsCellular, 2016.
[3]
Zhilong Zheng, Yunfei Ma, Yanmei Liu, Furong Yang, Zhenyu Li, Yuanbo Zhang, Jiuhai Zhang, Wei Shi, Wentao Chen, Ding Li, et al. XLINK: QoE-driven multi-path QUIC transport in large-scale video services. In ACM SIGCOMM, 2021.
[4]
In Korean, multipath TCP is pronounced GIGA path. http://blog.multipath-tcp.org/blog/html/2015/07/24/korea.html. (Accessed on 02/17/2022).
[5]
Use multipath TCP to create backup connections for iOS - Apple Support. https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201373. (Accessed on 02/17/2022).
[6]
Hybrid access solution - Tessares. https://www.tessares.net/hybrid-access-solution/. (Accessed on 07/14/2022).
[7]
KT, Tessares claim first '5G low latency multi-radio access technology test' on live network. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/09/05/kt-tessares-claim-first-5g-low-latency-multi-radio-access-technology-test-on-live-network/. (Accessed on 03/13/2022).
[8]
Opening the way to 4G / 5G Wi-Fi convergence (new) - Tessares. https://www.tessares.net/new-white-paper-opening-the-way-to-5g-convergence-september-2020/. (Accessed on 03/12/2022).
[9]
Costin Raiciu, Christoph Paasch, Sebastien Barre, Alan Ford, Michio Honda, Fabien Duchene, Olivier Bonaventure, and Mark Handley. How hard can it be? Designing and implementing a deployable multipath TCP. In USENIX NSDI, 2012.
[10]
Fabien Duchene and Olivier Bonaventure. Making multipath TCP friendlier to load balancers and anycast. In IEEE ICNP, 2017.
[11]
Recent articles and software --- MPTCP. http://blog.multipath-tcp.org/blog/html/archive.html. (Accessed on 02/15/2023).
[12]
Costin Raiciu, Sebastien Barre, Christopher Pluntke, Adam Greenhalgh, Damon Wischik, and Mark Handley. Improving datacenter performance and robustness with multipath TCP. ACM SIGCOMM CCR, 2011.
[13]
Annual reports | iQIYI, Inc. https://ir.iqiyi.com/financial-information/annual-reports. (Accessed on 02/09/2023).
[14]
China: video streaming revenue per user 2017-2027 - Statista. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1270445/video-streaming-svod-revenue-per-user-china. (Accessed on 02/09/2023).
[15]
Ericsson mobility report. https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/mobility-report/reports/november-2022. (Accessed on 02/08/2023).
[16]
Lucian Popa, Ali Ghodsi, and Ion Stoica. HTTP as the narrow waist of the future Internet. In ACM HotNets, 2010.
[17]
Chinese streaming platforms: 6 trending apps - Tenba Group. https://tenbagroup.com/6-chinese-streaming-platforms-to-amplify-your-business/. (Accessed on 08/19/2022).
[18]
Juhoon Kim, Yung-Chih Chen, Ramin Khalili, Don Towsley, and Anja Feldmann. Multi-source multipath HTTP (mHTTP): a proposal. In ACM SIGMETRICS, 2014.
[19]
Yung-Chih Chen, Don Towsley, and Ramin Khalili. MSPlayer: Multi-source and multi-path video streaming. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2016.
[20]
Ashkan Nikravesh, Yihua Guo, Xiao Zhu, Feng Qian, and Z Morley Mao. MP-H2: a client-only multipath solution for HTTP/2. In ACM MobiCom, 2019.
[21]
RFC 7233 - hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP/1.1): Range requests. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7233. (Accessed on 08/13/2022).
[22]
KT's GiGA LTE: Commercial mobile mptcp proxy service launch; collaboration with handset manufacturers. https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/93/slides/slides-93-mptcp-3.pdf. (Accessed on 02/17/2022).
[23]
KT's GiGA LTE: Mobile mptcp proxy deployment. https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/97/materials/slides-97-banana-kt-giga-lte-mobile-mptcp-proxy-development-01. (Accessed on 03/11/2022).
[24]
3GPP; technical specification group services and system aspects; system architecture for the 5G system (5Gs); stage 2 (release 16). https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/23_series/23.501/23501-g60.zip.
[25]
Deutsche Telekom demonstrates multipath for fixed mobile convergence on campus - Deutsche Telekom. https://www.telekom.com/en/company/details/deutsche-telekom-demonstrates-multipath-for-fixed-mobile-convergence-on-campus-625838. (Accessed on 08/01/2022).
[26]
Innovating with multipath TCP - Olivier Bonaventure. https://perso.uclouvain.be/olivier.bonaventure/blog/html/2020/06/22/deploying_new_multipath_tcp_use_cases.html. (Accessed on 07/13/2022).
[27]
iOS & Linux implementation updates. https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/99/materials/slides-99-mptcp-sessa-ios-linux-implementation-updates/. (Accessed on 02/18/2022).
[28]
Boost performance and security with modern networking - WWDC20 - videos - Apple Developer. https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2020/10111. (Accessed on 07/13/2022).
[29]
Advances in networking, part 1 - WWDC17 - videos - Apple Developer. https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2017/707/. (Accessed on 03/03/2022).
[30]
Improving network reliability using multipath TCP - apple developer documentation. https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/urlsessionconfiguration/improving_network_reliability_using_multipath_tcp. (Accessed on 03/03/2022).
[31]
Hang Shi, Yong Cui, Xin Wang, Yuming Hu, Minglong Dai, Fanzhao Wang, and Kai Zheng. STMS: Improving MPTCP throughput under heterogeneous networks. In USENIX ATC, 2018.
[32]
Li Li, Ke Xu, Tong Li, Kai Zheng, Chunyi Peng, Dan Wang, Xiangxiang Wang, Meng Shen, and Rashid Mijumbi. A measurement study on multi-path TCP with multiple cellular carriers on high speed rails. In ACM SIGCOMM, 2018.
[33]
Yeon-sup Lim, Erich M Nahum, Don Towsley, and Richard J Gibbens. ECF: An MPTCP path scheduler to manage heterogeneous paths. In ACM CoNEXT, 2017.
[34]
Imran Khan, Moinak Ghoshal, Shivang Aggarwal, Dimitrios Koutsonikolas, and Joerg Widmer. Multipath TCP in smartphones equipped with millimeter wave radios. In ACM WiNTECH, 2022.
[35]
Vivek Adarsh, Paul Schmitt, and Elizabeth Belding. MPTCP performance over heterogenous subpaths. In IEEE ICCCN, 2019.
[36]
Swetank Kumar Saha, Abhishek Kannan, Geunhyung Lee, Nishant Ravichandran, Parag Kamalakar Medhe, Naved Merchant, and Dimitrios Koutsonikolas. Multipath TCP in smartphones: Impact on performance, energy, and cpu utilization. In ACM MobiWac, 2017.
[37]
Junxian Huang, Feng Qian, Alexandre Gerber, Z Morley Mao, Subhabrata Sen, and Oliver Spatscheck. A close examination of performance and power characteristics of 4G LTE networks. In ACM MobiSys, 2012.
[38]
Duc Hoang Bui, Kilho Lee, Sangeun Oh, Insik Shin, Hyojeong Shin, Honguk Woo, and Daehyun Ban. Greenbag: Energy-efficient bandwidth aggregation for real-time streaming in heterogeneous mobile wireless networks. In IEEE RTSS, 2013.
[39]
Yeon-sup Lim, Yung-Chih Chen, Erich M Nahum, Don Towsley, and Richard J Gibbens. How green is multipath TCP for mobile devices? In ACM AllThingsCellular, 2014.
[40]
An improvement of MPTCP initialization. https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-kien-mptcp-init-00.txt. (Accessed on 06/21/2022).
[41]
Markus Amend, Veselin Rakocevic, Andreas Philipp Matz, and Eckard Bogenfeld. RobE: Robust connection establishment for multipath TCP. In ACM/IRTF ANRW, 2018.
[42]
RFC 6824 - TCP extensions for multipath operation with multiple addresses. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6824. (Accessed on 03/07/2022).
[43]
C. Paasch, S. Barre, et al. Multipath TCP in the Linux Kernel. https://multipath-tcp.org/. (Accessed on 02/17/2022).
[44]
Streaming video - Mbs to GBs - mobility report - Ericsson. https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/mobility-report/articles/streaming-video. (Accessed on 06/22/2022).
[45]
How much does data really cost an ISP? - BroadbandNow. https://broadbandnow.com/report/much-data-really-cost-isps/. (Accessed on 08/08/2022).
[46]
Alibaba cloud: Cloud computing services. https://www.alibabacloud.com/. (Accessed on 08/08/2022).
[47]
Ashkan Nikravesh, Yihua Guo, Feng Qian, Z Morley Mao, and Subhabrata Sen. An in-depth understanding of multipath TCP on mobile devices: Measurement and system design. In ACM MobiCom, 2016.
[48]
David Naylor, Alessandro Finamore, Ilias Leontiadis, Yan Grunenberger, Marco Mellia, Maurizio Munafò, Konstantina Papagiannaki, and Peter Steenkiste. The cost of the "S" in HTTPS. In ACM CoNEXT, 2014.
[49]
RFC 7232 - hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP/1.1): Conditional requests. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232. (Accessed on 03/07/2022).
[50]
About Wi-Fi Assist - Apple Support. https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT205296. (Accessed on 03/03/2022).
[51]
Activate Adaptive Wi-Fi on my Samsung device - Samsung Australia. https://www.samsung.com/au/support/mobile-devices/enable-adaptive-wi-fi/. (Accessed on 03/03/2022).
[52]
Wi-Fi Assistant - OPPO Global. https://support.oppo.com/en/answer/?aid=neu4992. (Accessed on 03/03/2022).
[53]
How to activate the Wi-Fi Assistant on your Xiaomi and improve Internet speed. https://www.xiaomist.com/2020/11/how-to-activate-wifi-assistant-on-your.html. (Accessed on 03/04/2022).
[54]
Turn Wi-Fi+ on or off; how to use wi-fi+; how do I enable Wi-Fi+ - HUAWEI Support Global. https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/content/en-us00449892/. (Accessed on 03/04/2022).
[55]
netfilter/iptables project homepage. https://www.netfilter.org/. (Accessed on 08/19/2022).
[56]
Networking --- The Linux Kernel documentation. https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/networking.html#netfilter-1. (Accessed on 02/05/2023).
[57]
tc(8) - linux manual page. https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/tc.8.html. (Accessed on 02/11/2023).
[58]
HTTPS encryption on the web - Google Transparency report. https://transparencyreport.google.com/https/overview. (Accessed on 01/12/2023).
[59]
Amazon CloudFront pricing - Amazon CDN. https://www.amazonaws.cn/en/cloudfront/pricing/. (Accessed on 02/09/2023).
[60]
Swetank Kumar Saha, Shivang Aggarwal, Rohan Pathak, Dimitrios Koutsonikolas, and Joerg Widmer. Musher: An agile multipath-TCP scheduler for dual-band 802.11 ad/ac wireless LANs. In ACM MobiCom, 2019.
[61]
MP-DCCP: Multipath extension for DCCP. https://multipath-dccp.org/. (Accessed on 07/18/2022).
[62]
T Uchino, K Teshima, and K Takeda. Carrier aggregation enhancement and dual connectivity promising higher throughput and capacity. NTT Docomo technical Journal, 2015.
[63]
Michele Polese, Marco Giordani, Marco Mezzavilla, Sundeep Rangan, and Michele Zorzi. Improved handover through dual connectivity in 5G mmwave mobile networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2017.
[64]
Subramanya Chandrashekar, Andreas Maeder, Cinzia Sartori, Thomas Höhne, Benny Vejlgaard, and Devaki Chandramouli. 5G multi-RAT multi-connectivity architecture. In IEEE ICC, 2016.
[65]
Daniela Laselva, David Lopez-Perez, Mika Rinne, and Tero Henttonen. 3GPP LTE-WLAN aggregation technologies: Functionalities and performance comparison. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2018.
[66]
Ming Li, Andrey Lukyanenko, Zhonghong Ou, Antti Ylä-Jääski, Sasu Tarkoma, Matthieu Coudron, and Stefano Secci. Multipath transmission for the internet: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2016.
[67]
Kun-chan Lan and Chen-Yuan Li. Improving TCP performance over an on-board multi-homed network. In IEEE WCNC, 2012.
[68]
Pablo Rodriguez, Rajiv Chakravorty, Julian Chesterfield, Ian Pratt, and Suman Banerjee. MAR: A commuter router infrastructure for the mobile Internet. In ACM MobiSys, 2004.
[69]
Dhananjay S Phatak and Tom Goff. A novel mechanism for data streaming across multiple IP links for improving throughput and reliability in mobile environments. In IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 2002.
[70]
RFC 5533: Shim6: Level 3 multihoming shim protocol for IPv6. https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5533.html. (Accessed on 08/19/2022).
[71]
Load sharing for the stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-tuexen-tsvwg-sctp-multipath-00. (Accessed on 03/03/2022).
[72]
Varun Singh, Saba Ahsan, and Jörg Ott. MPRTP: multipath considerations for real-time media. In ACM MMSys, 2013.
[73]
Quentin De Coninck and Olivier Bonaventure. Multipath QUIC: Design and evaluation. In ACM CoNEXT, 2017.
[74]
Tobias Viernickel, Alexander Froemmgen, Amr Rizk, Boris Koldehofe, and Ralf Steinmetz. Multipath QUIC: A deployable multipath transport protocol. In IEEE ICC, 2018.
[75]
Heekwang Kim and Kwangsue Chung. Multipath-based HTTP adaptive streaming scheme for the 5G network. IEEE Access, 2020.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)DDPG-MPCC: An Experience Driven Multipath Performance Oriented Congestion ControlFuture Internet10.3390/fi1602003716:2(37)Online publication date: 23-Jan-2024

Index Terms

  1. Experience: A Three-Year Retrospective of Large-scale Multipath Transport Deployment for Mobile Applications

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Conferences
      ACM MobiCom '23: Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking
      October 2023
      1605 pages
      ISBN:9781450399906
      DOI:10.1145/3570361
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

      Sponsors

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 10 July 2023

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. MPTCP
      2. multipath HTTP
      3. nationwide deployment

      Qualifiers

      • Research-article

      Conference

      ACM MobiCom '23
      Sponsor:

      Acceptance Rates

      Overall Acceptance Rate 440 of 2,972 submissions, 15%

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)319
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)27
      Reflects downloads up to 04 Jan 2025

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2024)DDPG-MPCC: An Experience Driven Multipath Performance Oriented Congestion ControlFuture Internet10.3390/fi1602003716:2(37)Online publication date: 23-Jan-2024

      View Options

      Login options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Media

      Figures

      Other

      Tables

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media