[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ skip to main content
10.1145/3524842.3528028acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesicseConference Proceedingsconference-collections
short-paper

ECench: an energy bug benchmark of ethereum client software

Published: 17 October 2022 Publication History

Abstract

With the introduction of smart contacts, Ethereum has become one of the most popular blockchain networks. In the wake of its popularity, an increasing number of Ethereum-based software have been developed. However, the carbon emissions resulting from these software has been pointed out as a global issue. It is necessary to reduce the energy consumed by these software to reduce carbon emissions. Recently, most studies have focused on smart contracts and proposed energy-efficient methods for the development of carbon friendly Ethereum networks. However, in addition to smart contracts, the energy used by client software in Ethereum networks should also be reviewed. This is because the client software performs all functions occurring in the Ethereum network, including smart contracts. Therefore, energy bugs that waste energy in Ethereum client software should be investigated and solved. The first task to enable this is to build an energy bug benchmark of Ethereum client software. This study introduces ECench, an energy bug benchmark of Ethereum client software. ECench includes 507 energy buggy commits from 7 series of client software that are officially operated in the Ethereum network. We carefully collected and manually reviewed them for cleaner commits. A key strength of our benchmark is that it provides eight energy wastage categories, which can serve as a cornerstone for researchers to identify energy waste codes. ECench can provide a valuable starting point for studies on energy reduction and carbon reduction in Ethereum.

References

[1]
Ahmed Afif Monrat, Olov Schelén, and Karl Andersson. A survey of blockchain from the perspectives of applications, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Access, 7:117134--117151, 2019.
[2]
Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review, page 21260, 2008.
[3]
Various blockchains networks. https://www.gartner.com/reviews/market/blockchain-platforms. Accessed: 2022-01-28.
[4]
Definition of smart contract. https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/smart-contracts/. Accessed: 2022-01-30.
[5]
Peter Howson. Tackling climate change with blockchain. Nature Climate Change, 9(9):644--645, 2019.
[6]
Shahed Zaman, Bram Adams, and Ahmed E. Hassan. A qualitative study on performance bugs. In 2012 9th IEEE Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR), pages 199--208, 2012.
[7]
Ana B Sánchez, Pedro Delgado-Pérez, Inmaculada Medina-Bulo, and Sergio Segura. Tandem: A taxonomy and a dataset of real-world performance bugs. IEEE Access, 8:107214--107228, 2020.
[8]
Ding Li, Shuai Hao, William GJ Halfond, and Ramesh Govindan. Calculating source line level energy information for android applications. In Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis, pages 78--89, 2013.
[9]
Abhijeet Banerjee, Lee Kee Chong, Clément Ballabriga, and Abhik Roychoudhury. Energypatch: Repairing resource leaks to improve energy-efficiency of android apps. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 44(5):470--490, 2018.
[10]
Reyhaneh Jabbarvand, Alireza Sadeghi, Hamid Bagheri, and Sam Malek. Energy-aware test-suite minimization for android apps. In Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis, pages 425--436, 2016.
[11]
Alex De Vries. Bitcoin's growing energy problem. Joule, 2(5):801--805, 2018.
[12]
Elvira Albert, Jesús Correas, Pablo Gordillo, Guillermo Román-Díez, and Albert Rubio. Gasol: Gas analysis and optimization for ethereum smart contracts. In International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, pages 118--125, 2020.
[13]
Ting Chen, Xiaoqi Li, Xiapu Luo, and Xiaosong Zhang. Under-optimized smart contracts devour your money. In 2017 IEEE 24th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER), pages 442--446. IEEE, 2017.
[14]
Lodovica Marchesi, Michele Marchesi, Giuseppe Destefanis, Giulio Barabino, and Danilo Tigano. Design patterns for gas optimization in ethereum. In 2020 IEEE International Workshop on Blockchain Oriented Software Engineering (IWBOSE), pages 9--15. IEEE, 2020.
[15]
Gerardo Canfora, Andrea Di Sorbo, Sonia Laudanna, Anna Vacca, and Corrado A Visaggio. Profiling gas leaks in solidity smart contracts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.05449, 2020.
[16]
Ethereum nodes. https://www.ethernodes.org/. Accessed: 2022-01-30.
[17]
Zhiyuan Wan, David Lo, Xin Xia, and Liang Cai. Bug characteristics in blockchain systems: a large-scale empirical study. In 2017 IEEE/ACM 14th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR), pages 413--424. IEEE, 2017.
[18]
João F Ferreira, Pedro Cruz, Thomas Durieux, and Rui Abreu. Smartbugs: a framework to analyze solidity smart contracts. In Proceedings of the 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, pages 1349--1352, 2020.
[19]
Muhammad Ahmad Zafar, Falak Sher, Muhammad Umar Janjua, and Salman Baset. Sol2js: translating solidity contracts into javascript for hyperledger fabric. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Scalable and Resilient Infrastructures for Distributed Ledgers, pages 19--24, 2018.
[20]
Chao Peng, Sefa Akca, and Ajitha Rajan. Sif: A framework for solidity contract instrumentation and analysis. In 2019 26th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC), pages 466--473. IEEE, 2019.
[21]
Ding Li, Yuchen Jin, Cagri Sahin, James Clause, and William GJ Halfond. Integrated energy-directed test suite optimization. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis, pages 339--350, 2014.
[22]
Kui Liu, Anil Koyuncu, Dongsun Kim, and Tegawendé F Bissyandé. Tbar: revisiting template-based automated program repair. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis, pages 31--42, 2019.
[23]
Anil Koyuncu, Kui Liu, Tegawendé F Bissyandé, Dongsun Kim, Jacques Klein, Martin Monperrus, and Yves Le Traon. Fixminer: Mining relevant fix patterns for automated program repair. Empirical Software Engineering, 25(3):1980--2024, 2020.
[24]
Xuan Bach D Le, David Lo, and Claire Le Goues. History driven program repair. In 2016 IEEE 23rd international conference on software analysis, evolution, and reengineering (SANER), volume 1, pages 213--224. IEEE, 2016.

Cited By

View all

Index Terms

  1. ECench: an energy bug benchmark of ethereum client software

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    MSR '22: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories
    May 2022
    815 pages
    ISBN:9781450393034
    DOI:10.1145/3524842
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Sponsors

    In-Cooperation

    • IEEE CS

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 17 October 2022

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. benchmark
    2. energy consumption
    3. ethereum
    4. software engineering

    Qualifiers

    • Short-paper

    Funding Sources

    • National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) by the Korea government (MSIT)

    Conference

    MSR '22
    Sponsor:

    Upcoming Conference

    ICSE 2025

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • 0
      Total Citations
    • 95
      Total Downloads
    • Downloads (Last 12 months)26
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)2
    Reflects downloads up to 17 Jan 2025

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all

    View Options

    Login options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media