research-article

Open access

The challenges of partially automated driving

Authors:

Stephen M. Casner,

Edwin L. Hutchins,

Don NormanAuthors Info & Claims

Communications of the ACM, Volume 59, Issue 5

Pages 70 - 77

https://doi.org/10.1145/2830565

Published: 26 April 2016 Publication History

All formats PDF

Abstract

Car automation promises to free our hands from the steering wheel but might demand more from our minds.

References

[1]

AAA. Aggressive Driving: Research Update. American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, D.C., 2009; https://www.aaafoundation.org/sites/default/files/AggressiveDrivingResearchUpdate2009.pdf

Google Scholar

[2]

Bainbridge, L. Ironies of automation. Automatica 19, 6 (1983), 775--779.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

[3]

BBC News. Man follows sat nav to cliff edge. BBC News (Mar. 25, 2009); http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/england/bradford/7962212.stm

Google Scholar

[4]

Bergen, B., Medeiros-Ward, N., Wheeler, K., Drews, F., and Strayer, D. The crosstalk hypothesis: Why language interferes with driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 142, 1 (2013), 119--130.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[5]

Breznitz, S. Cry Wolf: The Psychology of False Alarms. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hilldale, NJ, 1984.

Google Scholar

[6]

Brodsky, W. and Slor, Z. Background music as a risk factor for distraction among young novice drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention 59 (Oct. 2013), 382--393.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[7]

Brown, B. and Laurier, E. The normal natural troubles of driving with GPS. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Austin, TX, May 5--10). ACM Press, New York, 2012, 1621--1630.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

[8]

Carsten, O., Lai, F.C.H., Barnard, Y., Jamson, A.H., and Merat, N. Control task substitution in semi-automated driving: Does it matter what aspects are automated? Human Factors 54, 5 (2012), 747--761.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[9]

Casner, S.M., Geven, R.W., Recker, M.P., and Schooler, J.W. The retention of manual flying skills in the automated cockpit. Human Factors 56, 8 (2014), 1506--1516.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[10]

Casner, S.M. and Schooler, J.W. Thoughts in flight: Automation use and pilots' task-related and task-unrelated thought. Human Factors 56, 3 (2014), 433--442.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[11]

Casner, S.M., Geven, R.W., and Williams, K.T. The effectiveness of airline pilot training for abnormal events. Human Factors 53, 3 (2013), 477--485.

Google Scholar

[12]

Charlton, S.G. Driving while conversing: Cell phones that distract and passengers who react. Accident Analysis & Prevention 4 (Feb. 2009), 160--173.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[13]

Cummings, M.L., Kilgore, R.M., Wang, E., Tijerina, L., and Kochhar, D.S. Effects of single versus multiple warnings on driver performance. Human Factors 49, 6 (2007), 1097--1106.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[14]

Drews, F.A., Pasupathi, M., and Strayer, D.L. Passenger and cell phone conversations in simulated driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 14, 4 (2008), 392--400.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[15]

Dufour, A. Driving assistance technologies and vigilance: Impact of speed limiters and cruise control on drivers' vigilance. Presentation at the International Transport Forum (Paris, France, Apr. 15, 2014).

Google Scholar

[16]

Endsley, M.R. and Kiris, E.O. The out-of-the-loop performance problem and level of control in automation. Human Factors 37, 2 (1995), 381--394.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[17]

Forlizzi, J., Barley, W.C., and Seder, T. Where should I turn?: Moving from individual to collaborative navigation strategies to inform the interaction design of future navigation systems. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Atlanta, GA, Apr. 10--15). ACM Press, New York, 1261--1270.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

[18]

Gaspar, J.G., Street, W.N., Windsor, M.B., Carbonari, R., Kaczmarski, H., Kramer, A.F., and Mathewson, K.E. Providing views of the driving scene to drivers' conversation partners mitigates cell-phone-related distraction. Psychological Science 25, 12 (2014), 2136--2146.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[19]

Gold, C., Dambock, D., Lorenz, L., and Bengler, K. Take over! How long does it take to get the driver back into the loop? In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (San Diego, CA, Sept. 30-Oct. 4). Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA, 2013, 1938--1942.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[20]

Gomes, L. Urban jungle a tough challenge for Google autonomous cars. MIT Technology Review (July 24, 2014); https://www.technologyreview.com/s/529466/urban-jungle-a-tough-challenge-for-googles-autonomous-cars/

Google Scholar

[21]

He, J., Becic, E., Lee, Y.C., and McCarley, J.S. Mind wandering behind the wheel: Performance and oculomotor correlates. Human Factors 53, 1 (2011), 13--21.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[22]

Hoff, K.A. and Bashir, M. Trust in automation: Integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust. Human Factors 57, 3 (2014), 407--434.

Google Scholar

[23]

Itoh, M. and Inagaki, T. Design and evaluation of steering protection for avoiding collisions during a lane change. Ergonomics 57, 3 (2013), 361--373.

Google Scholar

[24]

Kun, A.L. and Medenica, Z. Video call, or not, that is the question. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Austin, TX, May 5--10). ACM Press, New York, 2012, 1631--1636.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

[25]

Lee, J.D., McGehee, D.V., Brown, T.L., and Reyes, M.L. Collision warning timing, driver distraction, and driver response to imminent rear-end collisions in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Human Factors 44, 2 (2002), 314--334.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[26]

Leshed, G., Velden, T., Rieger, O., Kot, B., and Sengers, P. In-car GPS navigation: Engagement with and disengagement from the environment. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Florence, Italy, Apr. 5--10). ACM Press, New York, 2008, 1675--1684.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

[27]

NHTSA. Estimating Lives Saved by Electronic Stability Control, 2008--2012, DOT HS 812 042. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., 2014.

Google Scholar

[28]

Norman, D.A. The problem of automation: Inappropriate feedback and interaction, not 'overautomation.' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 327, 1241 (Apr. 1990), 585--593.

Google Scholar

[29]

Palmer, E.A., Hutchins, E.L., Ritter, R.D., and VanCleemput, I. Altitude Deviations: Breakdowns of an Error-Tolerant System, NASA Technical Memorandum NASA TM-108788. NASA, Moffett Field, CA, 1993; http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940011077.pdf

Google Scholar

[30]

Perrow, C.B. Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies. Basic Books, New York, 1984.

Google Scholar

[31]

Roy, M.M. and Liersch, M.J. I am a better driver than you think: Examining self-enhancement for driving ability. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 43, 8 (2014), 1648--1659.

Google Scholar

[32]

Rueda-Domingo, T., Lardelli-Claret, P., Luna-del-Castillo, J.D., Jiménez-Moleón, J.J., García-Martín, M., and Bueno-Cavanillas, A. The influence of passengers on the risk of the driver causing a car collision in Spain: Analysis of collisions from 1990 to 1999. Accident Analysis & Prevention 36, 3 (2004), 481--489.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[33]

Sarter, N.B., Woods, D.D., and Billings, C.E. Automation surprises. In Handbook of Human Factors & Ergonomics, Second Edition, G. Salvendy, Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1997.

Google Scholar

[34]

Sarter, N.B., Mumaw, R.J., and Wickens, C.D. Pilots' monitoring strategies and performance on automated flight decks: An empirical study combining behavioral and eye-tracking data. Human Factors 49, 3 (2007), 347--357.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[35]

Stanton, N.A. and Young, M.S. Driver behavior with adaptive cruise control. Ergonomics 48, 10 (2005), 1294--1313.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[36]

Strayer, D.L., Cooper, J.M., Turrill, J., Coleman, J., Medeiros-Ward, N., and Biondi, F. Measuring Cognitive Distraction in the Automobile, Monograph 01483811. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, D.C., 2013; https://www.aaafoundation.org/sites/default/files/MeasuringCognitiveDistractions.pdf

Google Scholar

[37]

Vollrath, M., Meilinger, T., and Kruger, H.-P. How the presence of passengers influences the risk of a collision with another vehicle. Accident Analysis & Prevention 34, 5 (Sept. 2002), 649--654.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[38]

Wiener, E.L. Human Factors of Cockpit Automation: A Field Study of Flight Crew Transition. NASA Contractor Report 177333. NASA, Moffett Field, CA, 1985; http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19850021625.pdf

Google Scholar

[39]

Wiener, E.L. Cockpit automation. In Human Factors in Aviation, E.L. Wiener and D. Nagel, Eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1988, 433--461.

Google Scholar

[40]

Wierwille, W.W. An initial model of visual sampling of in-car displays and controls. In Vision in Vehicles IV, A.G. Gale et al., Eds. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1993, 271--279.

Google Scholar

[41]

Winsor, M. Woman accused of using Facebook while driving is charged with homicide. CNN (Sept. 6, 2014); http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/05/justice/north-dakota-cellphone-crash/

Google Scholar

[42]

Yanko, M.R. and Spalek, T.M. Driving with the wandering mind: The effect that mind wandering has on driving performance. Human Factors 56, 2 (2014), 260--269.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[43]

Yanko, M.R. and Spalek, T.M. Route familiarity breeds inattention: A driving simulator study. Accident Analysis & Prevention 57 (Aug. 2013), 80--86.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[44]

Young, M.S. and Stanton, N.A. Back to the future: Brake reaction times for manual and automated vehicles. Ergonomics 50, 1 (2007), 46--58.

Crossref

Google Scholar

Cited By

View all

Jin LLiu XGuo BHan ZWang YCao YYang XShi J(2025)Impact of non-driving related task types, request modalities, and automation on driver takeover: A meta-analysisSafety Science10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106704181(106704)Online publication date: Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106704
Yan SWei QXie XZhao DLiu X(2024)Driver–Automated Cooperation Driving Authority Optimization Framework for Shared Steering ControlProcesses10.3390/pr1211231312:11(2313)Online publication date: 22-Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12112313
Kim GHwang SSeong MYeo DRus DKim S(2024)TimelyTale: A Multimodal Dataset Approach to Assessing Passengers' Explanation Demands in Highly Automated VehiclesProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36785448:3(1-60)Online publication date: 9-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3678544
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

The challenges of partially automated driving

Recommendations

Highly automated truck driving: how can drivers safely perform sport exercises on the go?
AutomotiveUI '15: Adjunct Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications

Highly automated driving enables the driver to engage in activities other than the actual primary driving task. How can truck drivers use phases of highly automated driving meaningfully? Research in the domain of long-distance road haulage shows that ...
Numerical Analysis of Tractor Accidents using Driving Simulator for Autonomous Driving Tractor
ICMRE'19: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mechatronics and Robotics Engineering

Autonomous driving of automobiles is a hot research topic in recent years. The autonomous driving tractor also has been studied in the agricultural field as well as an autonomous driving automobile. On the other hand, tractor accidents frequently occur ...
Manual takeover after highly automated driving: Influence of budget time and Lane Change Assist on takeover performance
ECCE '21: Proceedings of the 32nd European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics

The current study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of additional assistance system to support driver performance during a takeover request in a conditionally automated vehicle, that is, Level 3 of SAE taxonomy. Seventy drivers participated in ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

Communications of the ACM Volume 59, Issue 5

May 2016

121 pages

ISSN:0001-0782

EISSN:1557-7317

DOI:10.1145/2930840

Editor:
Moshe Y. Vardi
Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY

Issue’s Table of Contents

Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor or affiliate of the United States government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 26 April 2016

Published in CACM Volume 59, Issue 5

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Qualifiers

Research-article
Popular
Refereed

Funding Sources

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

180
Total Citations
View Citations
39,489
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)901
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)146

Reflects downloads up to 06 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all

Jin LLiu XGuo BHan ZWang YCao YYang XShi J(2025)Impact of non-driving related task types, request modalities, and automation on driver takeover: A meta-analysisSafety Science10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106704181(106704)Online publication date: Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106704
Yan SWei QXie XZhao DLiu X(2024)Driver–Automated Cooperation Driving Authority Optimization Framework for Shared Steering ControlProcesses10.3390/pr1211231312:11(2313)Online publication date: 22-Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12112313
Kim GHwang SSeong MYeo DRus DKim S(2024)TimelyTale: A Multimodal Dataset Approach to Assessing Passengers' Explanation Demands in Highly Automated VehiclesProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36785448:3(1-60)Online publication date: 9-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3678544
Elkelani ORibeiro-Ali SWestling CWitchel H(2024)Timecourses showing mind wandering and heuristic strategies interact complexly to affect SART performance rapidlyProceedings of the European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics 202410.1145/3673805.3673819(1-8)Online publication date: 8-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3673805.3673819
Sridhar HHuang GThorpe AOishi MPitts B(2024)Characterizing the Effect of Mind Wandering on Braking Dynamics in Partially Autonomous VehiclesACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems10.1145/36536788:3(1-21)Online publication date: 22-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3653678
Maktoubian JTran SShillabeer ABilal Amin MSambrooks LKhoshkangini R(2024)Empirical Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Fuel Consumption, Driver Identification, and Behavior PredictionIEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems10.1109/TITS.2024.347474525:12(19156-19175)Online publication date: 1-Dec-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TITS.2024.3474745
He BZhang YLi LWang XJin JLan T(2024)Optimized HMI Strategies for Collaborative Driving Interfaces in L3+ Autonomous Vehicles2024 3rd International Conference on Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Control (RAIIC)10.1109/RAIIC61787.2024.10670968(54-62)Online publication date: 5-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/RAIIC61787.2024.10670968
Miller JNikan SZaki M(2024)Navigating the Handover: Reviewing Takeover Requests in Level 3 Autonomous VehiclesIEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology10.1109/OJVT.2024.34436305(1073-1087)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3443630
S SKumaraswamy HKumari MReddy BBaitha T(2024)Implementation of Object Detection for Autonomous Vehicles by LiDAR and Camera Fusion2024 IEEE International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI)10.1109/IATMSI60426.2024.10503013(1-6)Online publication date: 14-Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/IATMSI60426.2024.10503013
Grindley BParnell KCherett TScanlan JPlant K(2024)Understanding the human factors challenge of handover between levels of automation for uncrewed air systems: a systematic literature reviewTransportation Planning and Technology10.1080/03081060.2024.2375645(1-26)Online publication date: 8-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2024.2375645
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Digital Edition

View this article in digital edition.

Digital Edition

Magazine Site

View this article on the magazine site (external)

Magazine Site

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Abstract

References

Cited By

Index Terms

Recommendations

Highly automated truck driving: how can drivers safely perform sport exercises on the go?

Numerical Analysis of Tractor Accidents using Driving Simulator for Autonomous Driving Tractor

Manual takeover after highly automated driving: Influence of budget time and Lane Change Assist on takeover performance

Comments

Information

Published In

Publisher

Publication History

Permissions

Check for updates

Qualifiers

Funding Sources

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View options

PDF

eReader

Digital Edition

Magazine Site

Login options

Full Access

Figures

Other

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media

Affiliations