More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

research-article

R2C2: A Network Stack for Rack-scale Computers

Authors:

Hitesh Ballani,

Ian KashAuthors Info & Claims

ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 45, Issue 4

Pages 551 - 564

https://doi.org/10.1145/2829988.2787492

Published: 17 August 2015 Publication History

Abstract

Rack-scale computers, comprising a large number of micro-servers connected by a direct-connect topology, are expected to replace servers as the building block in data centers. We focus on the problem of routing and congestion control across the rack's network, and find that high path diversity in rack topologies, in combination with workload diversity across it, means that traditional solutions are inadequate. We introduce R2C2, a network stack for rack-scale computers that provides flexible and efficient routing and congestion control. R2C2 leverages the fact that the scale of rack topologies allows for low-overhead broadcasting to ensure that all nodes in the rack are aware of all network flows. We thus achieve rate-based congestion control without any probing; each node independently determines the sending rate for its flows while respecting the provider's allocation policies. For routing, nodes dynamically choose the routing protocol for each flow in order to maximize overall utility. Through a prototype deployed across a rack emulation platform and a packet-level simulator, we show that R2C2 achieves very low queuing and high throughput for diverse and bursty workloads, and that routing flexibility can provide significant throughput gains.

Supplementary Material

WEBM File (p551-costa.webm)

Download
169.19 MB

References

[1]

H. Abu-Libdeh, P. Costa, A. Rowstron, G. O'Shea, and A. Donnelly. Symbiotic Routing in Future Data Centers. In SIGCOMM, 2010.

Digital Library

[2]

M. Alizadeh, A. Greenberg, D. A. Maltz, J. Padhye, P. Patel, B. Prabhakar, S. Sengupta, and M. Sridharan. Data Center TCP (DCTCP). In SIGCOMM, 2010.

Digital Library

[3]

M. Alizadeh, A. Kabbani, T. Edsall, B. Prabhakar, A. Vahdat, and M. Yasuda. Less Is More: Trading a Little Bandwidth for Ultra-Low Latency in the Data Center. In NSDI, 2012.

Digital Library

[4]

M. Alizadeh, S. Yang, M. Sharif, S. Katti, N. McKeown, B. Prabhakar, and S. Shenker. pFabric: Minimal Near-optimal Datacenter Transport. In SIGCOMM, 2013.

Digital Library

[5]

J. M. andJeff Shamma. Revisiting log-linear learning: Asynchrony, completeness and payoff-based implementation. Games and Economic Behavior, 2012.

[6]

S. Angel, H. Ballani, T. Karagiannis, G. O'Shea, and E. Thereska. End-to-end Performance Isolation through Virtual Datacenters . In OSDI, 2014.

Digital Library

[7]

K. Asanovic. FireBox: A Hardware Building Block for 2020 Warehouse-Scale Computers. In FAST, 2014. Keynote.

[8]

B. Awerbuch, R. Khandekar, and S. Rao. Distributed Algorithms for Multicommodity Flow Problems via Approximate Steepest Descent Framework. ACM Trans. Algorithms, 9(1), Dec. 2012.

Digital Library

[9]

S. Balakrishnan, R. Black, A. Donnelly, P. England, A. Glass, D. Harper, S. Legtchenko, A. Ogus, E. Peterson, and A. Rowstron. Pelican: A Building Block for Exascale Cold Data Storage. In OSDI, 2014.

Digital Library

[10]

H. Ballani, P. Costa, T. Karagiannis, and A. Rowstron. Towards Predictable Datacenter Networks. In SIGCOMM, 2011.

Digital Library

[11]

H. Ballani, K. Jang, T. Karagiannis, C. Kim, D. Gunawardena, and G. O'Shea. Chatty Tenants and the Cloud Network Sharing Problem. In NSDI, 2013.

Digital Library

[12]

D. Bertsekas and R. Gallager. Data Networks. Prentice Hall, 1987.

Digital Library

[13]

D. Bertsimas and J. Tsitsiklis. Simulated Annealing. Statistical Science, 8(1), 1993.

[14]

R. S. Cahn. Wide Area Network Design: Concepts and Tools for Optimization. Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.

Digital Library

[15]

M. Chowdhury and I. Stoica. Coflow: A Networking Abstraction for Cluster Applications. In HotNets, 2012.

Digital Library

[16]

P. Costa, H. Ballani, and D. Narayanan. Rethinking the Network Stack for Rack-scale Computers. In HotCloud, 2014.

Digital Library

[17]

Cray Inc. Modifying Your Application to Avoid Aries Network Congestion, 2013.

[18]

Cray Inc. Network Resiliency for Cray XC30 Systems, 2013.

[19]

A. Daglis, S. Novaković, E. Bugnion, B. Falsafi, and B. Grot. Manycore Network Interfaces for In-memory Rack-scale Computing. In ISCA, 2015.

Digital Library

[20]

W. Dally and B. Towles. Principles and Practices of Interconnection Networks. Morgan Kaufmann, 2003.

Digital Library

[21]

J. Dean and L. A. Barroso. The Tail at Scale. Communications of ACM, 2013.

Digital Library

[22]

A. A. Dixit, P. Prakash, Y. C. Hu, and R. R. Kompella. On the Impact of Packet Spraying in Data Center Networks. In INFOCOM, 2013.

[23]

F. R. Dogar, T. Karagiannis, H. Ballani, and A. Rowstron. Decentralized Task-aware Scheduling for Data Center Networks. In SIGCOMM, 2014.

Digital Library

[24]

A. Dragojević, D. Narayanan, O. Hodson, and M. Castro. FaRM: Fast Remote Memory. In NSDI, 2014.

Digital Library

[25]

A. Greenberg, J. R. Hamilton, N. Jain, S. Kandula, C. Kim, P. Lahiri, D. A. Maltz, P. Patel, and S. Sengupta. VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network. In SIGCOMM, 2009.

Digital Library

[26]

S. Han, N. Egi, A. Panda, S. Ratnasamy, G. Shi, and S. Shenker. Network Support for Resource Disaggregation in Next-generation Datacenters. In HotNets, 2013.

Digital Library

[27]

J. H. Holland. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press, 1975.

Digital Library

[28]

C.-Y. Hong, M. Caesar, and P. B. Godfrey. Finishing flows quickly with preemptive scheduling. In SIGCOMM, 2012.

Digital Library

[29]

K. Jang, J. Sherry, H. Ballani, and T. Moncaster. Silo: Predictable Message Latency in the Cloud. In SIGCOMM, 2015.

Digital Library

[30]

V. Jeyakumar, M. Alizadeh, D. Mazières, B. Prabhakar, C. Kim, and A. Greenberg. EyeQ: Practical Network Performance Isolation at the Edge. In NSDI, 2013.

Digital Library

[31]

A. Kalia, M. Kaminsky, and D. G. Andersen. Using RDMA Efficiently for Key-value Services. In SIGCOMM, 2014.

Digital Library

[32]

S. Kandula, S. Sengupta, A. Greenberg, P. Patel, and R. Chaiken. The nature of data center traffic: measurements & analysis. In IMC, 2009.

Digital Library

[33]

D. Nace, N.-L. Doan, E. Gourdin, and B. Liau. Computing Optimal Max-min Fair Resource Allocation for Elastic Flows. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 14(6), Dec. 2006.

Digital Library

[34]

S. Novakovic, A. Daglis, E. Bugnion, B. Falsafi, and B. Grot. Scale-out NUMA. In ASPLOS, 2014.

Digital Library

[35]

G. P. Nychis, C. Fallin, T. Moscibroda, O. Mutlu, and S. Seshan. On-chip Networks from a Networking Perspective: Congestion and Scalability in Many-core Interconnects. In SIGCOMM, 2012.

Digital Library

[36]

J. Perry, A. Ousterhout, H. Balakrishnan, D. Shah, and H. Fugal. Fastpass: A Centralized "Zero-queue" Datacenter Network. In SIGCOMM, 2014.

Digital Library

[37]

L. Popa, G. Kumar, M. Chowdhury, A. Krishnamurthy, S. Ratnasamy, and I. Stoica. FairCloud: Sharing the Network in Cloud Computing. In SIGCOMM, 2012.

Digital Library

[38]

A. Putnam, A. Caulfield, E. Chung, D. Chiou, K. Constantinides, J. Demme, H. Esmaeilzadeh, J. Fowers, G. P. Gopal, J. Gray, M. Haselman, S. Hauck, S. Heil, A. Hormati, J.-Y. Kim, S. Lanka, J. Larus, E. Peterson, S. Pope, A. Smith, J. Thong, P. Y. Xiao, and D. Burger. A Reconfigurable Fabric for Accelerating Large-Scale Datacenter Services. In ISCA, 2014.

Digital Library

[39]

S. Radhakrishnan, Y. Geng, V. Jeyakumar, A. Kabbani, G. Porter, and A. Vahdat. SENIC: Scalable NIC for End-Host Rate Limiting. In NSDI, 2014.

Digital Library

[40]

B. Radunović and J.-Y. L. Boudec. A Unified Framework for Max-min and Min-max Fairness with Applications. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 15(5), Oct. 2007.

Digital Library

[41]

C. Raiciu, S. Barre, C. Pluntke, A. Greenhalgh, D. Wischik, and M. Handley. Improving Datacenter Performance and Robustness with Multipath TCP. In SIGCOMM, 2011.

Digital Library

[42]

T. Roughgarden and E. Tardos. How Bad is Selfish Routing? J. ACM, 2002.

Digital Library

[43]

B. Schroeder and G. A. Gibson. Understanding Failures in Petascale Computers. Journal of Physics, 78, 2007.

[44]

A. Singh, W. J. Dally, B. Towles, and A. K. Gupta. Locality-preserving Randomized Oblivious Routing on Torus Networks. In SPAA, 2002.

Digital Library

[45]

L. G. Valiant and G. J. Brebner. Universal Schemes for Parallel Communication. In STOC, 1981.

Digital Library

[46]

B. Vamanan, J. Hasan, and T. N. Vijaykumar. Deadline-Aware Datacenter TCP (D$^2$TCP). In SIGCOMM, 2012.

Digital Library

[47]

M. Walraed-Sullivan, J. Padhye, and D. A. Maltz. Theia: Simple and Cheap Networking for Ultra-Dense Data Centers. In HotNets, 2014.

Digital Library

[48]

C. Wilson, H. Ballani, T. Karagiannis, and A. Rowtron. Better Never Than Late: Meeting Deadlines in Datacenter Networks. In SIGCOMM, 2011.

Digital Library

[49]

H. Wu, G. Lu, D. Li, C. Guo, and Y. Zhang. MDCube: A High Performance Network Structure for Modular Data Center Interconnection. In CoNEXT, 2009.

Digital Library

[50]

Amazon joins other web giants trying to design its own chips. http://bit.ly/1J5t0fE.

[51]

Boston Viridis Data Sheet. http://bit.ly/1fBnsQ9.

[52]

Calxeda EnergyCore ECX-1000. http://bit.ly/1nCgdHO.

[53]

Design Guide for Photonic Architecture. http://bit.ly/NYpT1h.

[54]

Google Ramps Up Chip Design. http://ubm.io/1iQooNe.

[55]

How Microsoft Designs its Cloud-Scale Servers. http://bit.ly/1HKCy27.

[56]

HP Moonshot System. http://bit.ly/1mZD4yJ.

[57]

Intel Atom Processor D510. http://intel.ly/1wJmS3D.

[58]

Intel, Facebook Collaborate on Future Data Center Rack Technologies. http://intel.ly/MRpOM0.

[59]

Intel Rack Scale Architecture. http://ubm.io/1iejjx5.

[60]

Maze: A Rack-scale Computer Emulation Platform. http://aka.ms/maze.

[61]

RDMA Aware Networks Programming User Manual. http://bit.ly/1ysVa1O.

[62]

SeaMicro SM15000 Fabric Compute Systems. http://bit.ly/1hQepIh.

Cited By

Li JGong HDe Marchi FGong ALei YBai WXia YSekar VYu MSeneviratne AVeitch D(2024)Uniform-Cost Multi-Path Routing for Reconfigurable Data Center NetworksProceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2024 Conference10.1145/3651890.3672245(433-448)Online publication date: 4-Aug-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3651890.3672245
Ci YLyu MZhang ZZuo DYang X(2024)KLNK: Expanding Page Boundaries in a Distributed Shared Memory SystemIEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems10.1109/TPDS.2024.340988235:9(1524-1535)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TPDS.2024.3409882
Sophatsathit P(2024)A biological-like synthesis framework for software engineering environmentsInternational Journal of Computers and Applications10.1080/1206212X.2023.230118346:4(208-217)Online publication date: 9-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212X.2023.2301183
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

R2C2: A Network Stack for Rack-scale Computers
1. Networks

Recommendations

R2C2: A Network Stack for Rack-scale Computers
SIGCOMM '15: Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Special Interest Group on Data Communication

Rack-scale computers, comprising a large number of micro-servers connected by a direct-connect topology, are expected to replace servers as the building block in data centers. We focus on the problem of routing and congestion control across the rack's ...
Annulus: A Dual Congestion Control Loop for Datacenter and WAN Traffic Aggregates
SIGCOMM '20: Proceedings of the Annual conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication on the applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication

Cloud services are deployed in datacenters connected though high-bandwidth Wide Area Networks (WANs). We find that WAN traffic negatively impacts the performance of datacenter traffic, increasing tail latency by 2.5x, despite its small bandwidth demand. ...
Enabling Instantaneous Relocation of Virtual Machines with a Lightweight VMM Extension
CCGRID '10: Proceedings of the 2010 10th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing

We are developing an efficient resource management system with aggressive virtual machine (VM) relocation among physical nodes in a data center. Existing live migration technology, however, requires a long time to change the execution host of a VM, it ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review

ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review Volume 45, Issue 4

SIGCOMM'15

October 2015

659 pages

ISSN:0146-4833

DOI:10.1145/2829988

Editors:
Konstantina Papagiannaki
Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain
,
Katerina Argyraki
EPFL, Switzerland
,
Hitesh Ballani
Microsoft Research Cambridge, UK
,
Fabián Bustamante
Northwestern University, USA
,
Joseph Camp
SMU, USA
,
Augustin Chaintreau
Columbia University, USA
,
Phillipa Gill
Stony Brook University, USA
,
Marco Mellia
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
,
Bhaskaran Raman
IIT Bombay, India
,
Joel Sommers
Colgate University, USA
,
Aline Carneiro Viana
INRIA, France

Issue’s Table of Contents

SIGCOMM '15: Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Special Interest Group on Data Communication
August 2015
684 pages
ISBN:9781450335423
DOI:10.1145/2785956
General Chairs:
Steve Uhlig
Queen Mary University of London, UK
,
Olaf Maennel
Tallinn U. of Technology in Estonia, Estonia
,
Program Chairs:
Brad Karp
University College London, UK
,
Jitendra Padhye
Microsoft, USA

Copyright © 2015 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 17 August 2015

Published in SIGCOMM-CCR Volume 45, Issue 4

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

43
Total Citations
View Citations
738
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)117
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)18

Reflects downloads up to 28 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Li JGong HDe Marchi FGong ALei YBai WXia YSekar VYu MSeneviratne AVeitch D(2024)Uniform-Cost Multi-Path Routing for Reconfigurable Data Center NetworksProceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2024 Conference10.1145/3651890.3672245(433-448)Online publication date: 4-Aug-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3651890.3672245
Ci YLyu MZhang ZZuo DYang X(2024)KLNK: Expanding Page Boundaries in a Distributed Shared Memory SystemIEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems10.1109/TPDS.2024.340988235:9(1524-1535)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TPDS.2024.3409882
Sophatsathit P(2024)A biological-like synthesis framework for software engineering environmentsInternational Journal of Computers and Applications10.1080/1206212X.2023.230118346:4(208-217)Online publication date: 9-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212X.2023.2301183
Feng GCao HZhu XYu BWang YMa ZChen SChen W(2023)TriCache: A User-Transparent Block Cache Enabling High-Performance Out-of-Core Processing with In-Memory ProgramsACM Transactions on Storage10.1145/358313919:2(1-30)Online publication date: 13-Feb-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3583139
Huang YHuang YYan MHu JLiang CXu YZou WZhang YZhang RHuang CWu JBianchi GMei A(2022)An ultra-low latency and compatible PCIe interconnect for rack-scale communicationProceedings of the 18th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies10.1145/3555050.3569128(232-244)Online publication date: 30-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3555050.3569128
Korikawa TOki E(2022)Memory Network Architecture for Packet Processing in Functions VirtualizationIEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management10.1109/TNSM.2022.315909119:3(3304-3322)Online publication date: Oct-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2022.3159091
Ye TLi JPan XLee T(2022)Asynchronous Optical Traffic Offloading of Hybrid Optical/Electrical Data Center NetworksIEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing10.1109/TCC.2020.299248910:2(805-820)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.2020.2992489
Yin JWang HXu Z(2022)A reconfigurable rack-scale interconnect architecture based on PCIe fabric2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Data Science and Computer Application (ICDSCA)10.1109/ICDSCA56264.2022.9988411(306-310)Online publication date: 28-Oct-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDSCA56264.2022.9988411
Song HFang QJin YQian Z(2021)SRFabric: A Semi-Reconfigurable Rack Scale TopologyMathematical Problems in Engineering10.1155/2021/66989572021(1-14)Online publication date: 25-Apr-2021
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6698957
Poudel PSharma G(2020)GraphTMProceedings of the 21st International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking10.1145/3369740.3369774(1-10)Online publication date: 4-Jan-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3369740.3369774
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Issue’s Table of Contents