[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ skip to main content
10.1145/2556288.2557361acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Stress and multitasking in everyday college life: an empirical study of online activity

Published: 26 April 2014 Publication History

Abstract

While HCI has focused on multitasking with information workers, we report on multitasking among Millennials who grew up with digital media - focusing on college students. We logged computer activity and used biosensors to measure stress of 48 students for 7 days for all waking hours, in their in situ environments. We found a significant positive relationship with stress and daily time spent on computers. Stress is positively associated with the amount of multitasking. Conversely, stress is negatively associated with Facebook and social media use. Heavy multitaskers use significantly more social media and report lower positive affect than light multitaskers. Night habits affect multitasking the following day: late-nighters show longer duration of computer use and those ending their activities earlier in the day multitask less. Our study shows that college students multitask at double the frequency compared to studies of information workers. These results can inform designs for stress management of college students.

Supplementary Material

MP4 File (p41-sidebyside.mp4)

References

[1]
Acharya, U. R., Joseph, K. P., Kannathal, N., Lim, C. M., and Suri, J. S. Heart rate variability: A review. Med & Bio Engin & Comp 44, 12 (2006), 1031--1051.
[2]
American College Health Association National College Health Assessment. Undergraduate Students reference group data report Spring 2013 (2013). Available at http://www.acha-ncha.org/.
[3]
Barley, S., Myerson, D., and Grodel, S. E-mail as a source and symbol of stress. Organization Science 22, 4, (2011), 887--906.
[4]
Bennett, S., Maton, K. and Kervin, L. The 'digital natives' debate: A critical review of the evidence. British Journal of Educational Technology 39, 5 (2008), 775--786.
[5]
Burke, M. and Kraut, R. Using facebook after losing a job: differential benefits of strong and weak ties. Proc. of CSCW'13, ACM Press (2013), 1419--1430.
[6]
Carrier, L., Cheeverb, N., Rosena, L., Beniteza, S., and Changa, J. Multitasking across generations: Multitasking choices and difficulty ratings in three generations of Americans. Computers in Human Behavior 25, 2 (2009), 483--489.
[7]
Collopy, F. Biases in retrospective self-reports of time use: An empirical study of computer users. Management Science. 42 (1996) 758--767.
[8]
Czerwinski, M., Horvitz, E., and Wilhite, S. A diary study of task switching and interruptions. In Proc. CHI 2004, ACM Press (2004), 175--182.
[9]
Edwards, L., Muller, K., Wolfinger, R., Qaqish, B. and Schabennerger, O. An R2 statistic for Fixed Effects in the Linear Mixed Model. Stat Med 27, 29 (2008), 6137.
[10]
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., and Lampe, C. The Benefits of Facebook 'Friends:' Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites. JCMC 12, 4 (2007), 1143--1168.
[11]
Golder, S., Wilkinson, D., & Huberman, B. Rhythms of social interaction: Messaging within a massive online network. Comm & Technol, (2007), 41--66.
[12]
Gonzalez, V. and Mark, G. "Constant, Constant, Multitasking Craziness": Managing Multiple Working Spheres. Proc. of CHI'04 (2004), 113--120.
[13]
Hargittai, E. Digital Na(t)ives' Variation in Internet Skills and Uses among Members of the "Net Generation." Sociological Inquiry 80, 1 (2010), 92--113.
[14]
Hew, K. F. Students' and Teachers' Use of Facebook. Comp in Human Behavior 27, 2 (2011), 662--676.
[15]
Hewlett, S.A. and Luce, C.B. Extreme jobs: The dangerous allure of the 70-hour workweek. Harvard Business Review 84, 12 (2006), 49--59, 162.
[16]
Hjortskov, N., Rissen, D., Blangsted, A., Fallentin, N., Lundberg, U. and Sogaard, K. The effect of mental stress on heart rate variability and blood pressure during computer work. Eur J Appl Physiol 92, (2004), 84--89.
[17]
Iqbal, S. T. and Horvitz, E. Disruption and Recovery of Computing Tasks: Field Study, Analysis and Directions. Proc. of CHI'07, (2007), 677--686.
[18]
Isen, A. Some ways in which positive affect influences decision making and problem solving. Handbook of Emotion, NY: Guilford Press, (2008), 548--573.
[19]
Ito, M. Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010.
[20]
Jeong, S. and Fishbein, M. Predictors of multitasking with media: Media factors and audience factors. Media Psychology 10, 3 (2007), 364--384.
[21]
Judd, T, and Kennedy, G. A Five-year Study of Oncampus Internet Use by Undergraduate Biomedical Students. Comp & Edu 55, 4 (2010), 1564--1571.
[22]
Junco, R. Comparing actual and self-reported measures of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior 29, (2013), 626--631.
[23]
Lazarus, R. S. Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
[24]
Lund, H., Reider, B., Whiting, A., and Prichard, J. Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. Journal of Adolescent Health 46, 2 (2010), 124--132.
[25]
Malik, M. Heart Rate Variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Ann. of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 1, 2 (1996), 151--181.
[26]
Mark, G., Hausstein, D., and Kloecke, U. The cost of interrupted work: More speed, more stress. Proceedings of CHI'08, ACM Press (2008),107--110.
[27]
Mark, G., González, V., and Harris, J. No task left behind? Examining the nature of fragmented work. Proc. CHI 2005, ACM Press (2005), 321--330.
[28]
Mark, G., Voida, S. and Cardello, A. A Pace Not Dictated by Electrons: An Empirical Study of Work Without Email. Proc of CHI'12, (2012), 555--564.
[29]
McKewen, B. and Stellar, E. Stress and the individual mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Intern Med.153, 18(1993), 2093--2101.
[30]
Mokhtari, K., Reichard, C. A., and Gardner, A. The impact of internet and television use on the reading habits and practices of college students. J of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 52, 7 (2009), 609--619.
[31]
Monk, T., Buysse, D., Potts, J., DeGrazia, J. and Kupfer, D. Morningness-eveningness and lifestyle regularity. Chronobiol Int'l 21, 3 (2004), 435--443.
[32]
Munsell, S. Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7, 3 (2003), 134--140.
[33]
National Sleep Foundation. 2011 Technology Use and Sleep. (2011) http://www.sleepfoundation.org.
[34]
Ophir, E., Nass, C. and Wagner, A. Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proc. of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 37 (2009), 15583--15587.
[35]
Robotham, D. Stress among higher education students: towards a research agenda. Higher Education 56, 6 (2008), 735--746.
[36]
Salvucci, D. and Taatgen, N. Threaded cognition: An integrated theory of concurrent multitasking. Psych Review 115, 1 (2008), 101--130.
[37]
Schwartz, G. Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics 6, 2 (1978), 461--464.
[38]
Thomée, S., Härenstam, A., and Hagberg, M. Computer use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults - a prospective cohort study. BMC psychiatry 12, 1(2012), 176.
[39]
Thomée, S., Eklöf, M., Gustafsson, E., Nilsson, R., and Hagberg, M. Prevalence of perceived stress, symptoms of depression and sleep disturbances in relation to information and communication technology (ICT) use among young adults - an explorative prospective study. Computers in Human Behav 23, 3 (2007), 1300--1321.
[40]
Watson, D., Clark, A. L. and Tellegen, A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. J of Personality and Soc Psychology, 56, 6 (1988). 1063--1070.
[41]
Yeragani, V. K., Sobolewski, E., Igel, G., Johnson, C., Jampala, V. C., Kay, J., Hillman, N., Yeragani, S., and Vempati, S. Decreased heart-period variability in patients with panic disorder: A study of Holter ECG records. Psychiatry Research 78, 1-2 (1998), 89--99.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Toward Tailoring Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention Systems for Workplace Stress Reduction: Exploratory Analysis of Intervention ImplementationJMIR Mental Health10.2196/4897411(e48974)Online publication date: 12-Sep-2024
  • (2024)Social Media Breaks: An Opportunity for Recovery and ProcrastinationProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36373998:CSCW1(1-46)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
  • (2024)Hey StepByStep! Can you teach me how to use my phone better?International Journal of Human-Computer Studies10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103195183:COnline publication date: 14-Mar-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Stress and multitasking in everyday college life: an empirical study of online activity

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Conferences
      CHI '14: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
      April 2014
      4206 pages
      ISBN:9781450324731
      DOI:10.1145/2556288
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

      Sponsors

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 26 April 2014

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. biosensors
      2. computer logging
      3. in situ study
      4. millennial generation
      5. multitasking
      6. social media
      7. stress

      Qualifiers

      • Research-article

      Conference

      CHI '14
      Sponsor:
      CHI '14: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
      April 26 - May 1, 2014
      Ontario, Toronto, Canada

      Acceptance Rates

      CHI '14 Paper Acceptance Rate 465 of 2,043 submissions, 23%;
      Overall Acceptance Rate 6,199 of 26,314 submissions, 24%

      Upcoming Conference

      CHI 2025
      ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
      April 26 - May 1, 2025
      Yokohama , Japan

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)239
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)18
      Reflects downloads up to 05 Jan 2025

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2024)Toward Tailoring Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention Systems for Workplace Stress Reduction: Exploratory Analysis of Intervention ImplementationJMIR Mental Health10.2196/4897411(e48974)Online publication date: 12-Sep-2024
      • (2024)Social Media Breaks: An Opportunity for Recovery and ProcrastinationProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36373998:CSCW1(1-46)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
      • (2024)Hey StepByStep! Can you teach me how to use my phone better?International Journal of Human-Computer Studies10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103195183:COnline publication date: 14-Mar-2024
      • (2023)PopStress: designing organizational stress intervention for office workersFrontiers in Computer Science10.3389/fcomp.2023.12653995Online publication date: 5-Dec-2023
      • (2023)Feeling Stressed and Unproductive? A Field Evaluation of a Therapy-Inspired Digital Intervention for Knowledge WorkersACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction10.1145/360933031:1(1-33)Online publication date: 29-Nov-2023
      • (2023)A Minimalistic Approach to Predict and Understand the Relation of App Usage with Students' Academic PerformanceProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36042407:MHCI(1-28)Online publication date: 13-Sep-2023
      • (2023)Nudging Users Towards Conscious Social Media UseProceedings of the 25th International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/3565066.3608703(1-7)Online publication date: 26-Sep-2023
      • (2023)Focused Time Saves Nine: Evaluating Computer–Assisted Protected Time for Hybrid Information WorkProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3581326(1-18)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
      • (2023)Defining and Identifying Attention Capture Deceptive Designs in Digital InterfacesProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3580729(1-19)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
      • (2023)When Browsing Gets Cluttered: Exploring and Modeling Interactions of Browsing Clutter, Browsing Habits, and CopingProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3580690(1-29)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
      • Show More Cited By

      View Options

      Login options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Media

      Figures

      Other

      Tables

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media