[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ skip to main content
research-article

Curriculum Knowledge Representation and Manipulation in Knowledge-Based Tutoring Systems

Published: 01 October 1996 Publication History

Abstract

A Knowledge-Based Tutoring System (KBTS) is a computer-based instructional system that uses artificial intelligence techniques to help people learn some subjects. We found that the knowledge communication process involving a KBTS and a human student can be decomposed into a series of communication cycles, where each cycle concentrates on one topic and contains four major phases: planning, discussing, evaluating and remedying. The major contributions of this work are the development of a generic architecture for supporting the knowledge communication between a KBTS and a student, and a graphical notation and schema for supporting the curriculum knowledge representation and manipulation during the planning phase of a tutoring process. The curriculum knowledge about a course can help a tutoring system determine the sequences in which the topics will be discussed with the students effectively and diagnose the students' mistakes. The curriculum knowledge base contains the goal structure of the course, prerequisite relations, and multiple ways of organizing topics, among others. As an example, we have focused on developing SQL-TUTOR, a KBTS for the domain of SQL programming. This system has features such as efficient control mechanism, explicit curriculum knowledge representation, and individualized private tutoring. For allowing the students relative freedom to decide how to study the domain knowledge about a subject, the system provides the students with a group of operators to hand-tailor the learning schedules according to their special backgrounds, requests, and interests.

References

[1]
J.R. Anderson C.F. Boyle and G. Yost, "The Geometry Tutor," Proc. Ninth Int'l Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1-7, Los Angeles, 1985.
[2]
B.S. Bloom, "The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-to-One Tutoring," Educational Researcher, vol. 13, pp. 3-16, 1984.
[3]
E. Bos, "Error Diagnosis in a Tutoring System for the Conjugation and Spelling of Dutch Verbs," Computer in Human Behavior, vol. 10, pp. 33-49, 1994.
[4]
B.J. Brecht G.I. McCalla J.E. Greer and M. Jones, "Planning the Content of Instruction," Artificial Intelligence and Education: Proc. Fourth Int'l Conf. AI and Education, D. Bierman, J. Breuker, and J. Sandberg, eds., pp. 32-41. Amsterdam. Springfield, Va: IOS, 1989.
[5]
M.L. Burger and J.F. Desoi, "The Cognitive Apprenticeship Analogue: A Strategy for Using ITS Technology for the Delivery of Instruction as a Research Tool for the Study of Teaching and Learning," Int'l J. Man-Machine Studies, vol. 36, pp. 775-795, 1992.
[6]
A. Cawsey, "The Structure of Tutorial Discourse," Artificial Intelligence and Education, Proc. Fourth Int'l Conf. AI and Education, D. Bierman, J. Breuker, and J. Sandberg, eds., pp. 47-53. Amsterdam. Springfield, Va.: IOS, 1989.
[7]
T.W. Chan, "Curriculum Tree: A Knowledge-Based Architecture for Intelligent Tutoring Systems," Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Second Int'l Conf. Intelligent Tutoring Systems, ITS '92, C. Frasson, G. Gauthier, and G.I. McCalla, eds., pp. 140-147. Springer-Verlag, 1992.
[8]
S. Chang, "Algorithms for Manipulating Topic Association Graph in Knowledge-Based Tutoring Systems," master's project, Dept. of Computer and Information Science, New Jersey Inst. of Technology, Dec. 1994.
[9]
W.J. Clancey, "Tutoring Rules for Guiding a Case Method Dialogue," Int'l J. Man-Machine Studies, vol. 11, pp. 25-49, 1979.
[10]
W.J. Clancey, Knowledge-Based Tutoring: The GUIDON Program. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983.
[11]
N.G. Craske T. Richards and G. Cumming, "ExperTutor, a Generic Purpose Intelligent Educational System," Advanced Research on Computer in Education, R. Lewis and S. Otsuki, eds. North-Holland : Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 1991.
[12]
C. Dede, "A Review and Synthesis of Recent Research in Intelligent Computer-Assistant Instruction," Int'l J. Man-Machine Studies, vol. 24, pp. 239-353, 1986.
[13]
J. Dessalles, "Computer Assisted Conceptual Learning," Computer Assisted Learning, Third Int'l Conf., ICCAL '90, G. Goos and J. Hartmanis, eds., pp. 175-183, Hagen, France, 1990.
[14]
S.R. Hiltz, The Virtual Classroom: Learning without Limits via Computer Network. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing, 1994.
[15]
S. Jagarlamudi, "Interface for the Curriculum Knowledge Base Management in SQL-TUTOR," master's project, Dept. Computer and Information Science, New Jersey Inst. of Technology, Dec. 1994.
[16]
A. Lesgold, "Toward a Theory of Curriculum for Use in Designing Intelligent Instructional Systems," Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems, H. Mandl and A.M. Lesgold, eds., pp. 114-137. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
[17]
P. Marcenac, "An Authoring System for ITS Which is Based on a Generic Level of Tutoring Strategies," Computer Assisted Learning, Fourth Int'l Conf., ICCAL '92, T. Tomek, ed., pp. 428-440, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1992.
[18]
K.V. Marcke, "Instructional Expertise," Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Second Int'l Conf. Intelligent Tutoring Systems, ITS '92, C. Frasson, G. Gauthier, and G.I. McCalla, eds., pp. 234-243, 1992.
[19]
J. Mcdonald, "The EXCHANGE CAI System," University-Level Computer-Assistance Instruction at Stanford: 1968-1980, P. Suppes, ed. Inst. for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., 1981.
[20]
R. Moyse, "Knowledge Communication Implies Multiple Viewpoints," Artificial Intelligence and Education: Proc. Fourth Int'l Conf. AI and Education, D. Bierman, J. Breuker, and J. Sandberg, eds., pp. 140-149, Amsterdam, May 1989. Springfield, Va.: IOS.
[21]
R. Moyse and M. Elson-Cook, "Knowledge Negotiation: An Introduction," Knowledge Negotiation, R. Moyse and M. Elson-Cook, eds., pp. 1-19. Academic Press, 1992.
[22]
W.R. Murray, "Control for Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Blackboard-Based Dynamic Instructional Planner," Artificial Intelligence and Education: Proc. Fourth Int'l Conf. AI and Education, D. Bierman, J. Breuker, and J. Sandberg, eds., pp. 150-168. Amsterdam, May 1989. Springfield, Va.: IOS.
[23]
W.R. Murray, "A Blackboard-Based Dynamic Instructional Planner," Proc. Eighth Nat'l Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 434-441, Boston, 1990.
[24]
H.S. Nwana, "FITS: A Fraction Intelligent Tutoring System," Proc. 13th Nat'l Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 49-54, 1991.
[25]
J.K. Ousterhout, Tcl and the Tk Toolkit. Addison-Wesley, 1994.
[26]
D.R. Peachey and G.I. McCalla, "Using Planning Techniques in Intelligent Tutoring Systems," Int'l J. Man-Machine Studies, vol. 24, pp. 77-98, 1986.
[27]
B.J. Reiser J.R. Anderson and R.G. Farrell, "Dynamic Student Modeling in an Intelligent Tutor for LISP Programming," Proc. Eighth Int'l Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 8-14, Los Angeles, 1985.
[28]
C. Sarda, "Implementation of Domain Knowledge Base Management for a Knowledge-Based Tutoring System," master's project, Dept. of Computer and Information Science, New Jersey Inst. of Technology, Dec. 1994.
[29]
C.B. Schwind, "An Intelligent Language Tutoring System," Int'l J. Man-Machine Studies, vol. 33, pp. 557-579, 1990.
[30]
V.J. Shute, "Regarding the I in ITS: Student Modeling," Proc. ED-MEDIA 94—World Conf. Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, pp. 80-87, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1994.
[31]
D.H Sleeman and J.S. Brown, Intelligent Tutoring Systems. London: Academic Press, 1982.
[32]
J.C. Spohere and E. Soloway, "Simulating Student Programmers," Proc. Ninth Int'l Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 543-549, Detroit, 1989.
[33]
N.A. Streitz, "Mental Models and Metaphors: Implications for the Design of Adaptive User-System Interface," Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems, L. Mandl, ed., pp. 164-186. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
[34]
T. Tokuda and A. Fukuda, "A Probabilistic Inference Scheme for Hierarchical Buggy Models," Int'l J. Man-Machine Studies, vol. 38, pp. 857-872, 1993.
[35]
E. Wenger, Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems: Computational and Cognitive Approaches to the Communication of Knowledge. Los Altos, Calif.: Morgan Kaufmann, 1987.
[36]
B.Y. White and J.R. Frederiksen, "Modeling Expertise in TroubleShooting and Reasoning about Simple Electric Circuit," Proc. Sixth Cognitive Science Conf., pp. 337-343, Boulder, Colo., 1984.
[37]
B.Y. White and J.R. Frederiksen, "Intelligent Tutoring Systems Based upon Qualitative Model Evaluations," Proc. Eighth Nat'l Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 313-319, Philadelphia, 1986.
[38]
B. Woolf D. Blegen J. Jansen and A. Verloop, "Teaching a Complex Industrial Process," Proc. Eighth Nat'l Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 722-728, Philadelphia, 1986.
[39]
Y. Yano A. Kashhara and W. McMichael, "Stabilizing Student Knowledge in Open Structured CAI," Int'l J. Man-Machine Studies, vol. 37, pp. 595-612, 1992.
[40]
G. Zhou, "Towards Designing a Knowledge-Based Tutoring System: SQL-TUTOR as an Example," PhD thesis, Computer and Information Science Dept., New Jersey Inst. of Technology, 1996.
[41]
G. Zhou J.T.L. Wang and P.A. Ng, "A Knowledge-Based Tutoring System for SQL Programming," Proc. Sixth IEEE Int'l Conf. Tools with Artificial Intelligence, pp. 352-358, New Orleans, 1994.

Cited By

View all
  • (2002)Feature Construction for Student Group Forming Based on Their Browsing Behaviors in an E-learning SystemProceedings of the 7th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Trends in Artificial Intelligence10.5555/646966.712924(512-521)Online publication date: 18-Aug-2002

Recommendations

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering  Volume 8, Issue 5
October 1996
191 pages

Publisher

IEEE Educational Activities Department

United States

Publication History

Published: 01 October 1996

Author Tags

  1. Computer in education
  2. curriculum management.
  3. intelligent tutoring
  4. knowledge representation and manipulation
  5. learning graph
  6. topic association graph

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)0
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
Reflects downloads up to 13 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2002)Feature Construction for Student Group Forming Based on Their Browsing Behaviors in an E-learning SystemProceedings of the 7th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Trends in Artificial Intelligence10.5555/646966.712924(512-521)Online publication date: 18-Aug-2002

View Options

View options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media