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research-article

Shape from Focus

Authors:

Y. NakagawaAuthors Info & Claims

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Volume 16, Issue 8

Pages 824 - 831

https://doi.org/10.1109/34.308479

Published: 01 August 1994 Publication History

Abstract

The shape from focus method presented here uses different focus levels to obtain a sequence of object images. The sum-modified-Laplacian (SML) operator is developed to provide local measures of the quality of image focus. The operator is applied to the image sequence to determine a set of focus measures at each image point. A depth estimation algorithm interpolates a small number of focus measure values to obtain accurate depth estimates. A fully automated shape from focus system has been implemented using an optical microscope and tested on a variety of industrial samples. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. These results suggest shape from focus to be an effective approach for a variety of challenging visual inspection tasks.

References

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{1} M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics. London: Pergamon, 1965.

[2]

{2} T. Darrell and K. Wohn, "Pyramid based depth from focus," in Proc. CVPR, 1988, pp. 504-509.

[3]

{3} J. Ens and P. Lawrence, "A matrix based method for determining depth from focus," in Proc. CVPR, 1991, pp. 600-606.

[4]

{4} P. Grossmann, "Depth from focus," Pattern Recognit. Lett., vol. 5, pp. 63-69, 1987.

Digital Library

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{5} B. K. P. Horn, "'Focusing," MIT Artificial Intell. Lab., Memo no. 160, May, 1968.

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{6} B. K. P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

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{7} R. A. Jarvis, "Focus optimization criteria for computer image processing," Microscope, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 163-180, 1976.

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{8} J. F. Koretz and G. H. Handelman, "How the human eye focuses," Scientific American, pp. 92-99, July 1988.

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{9} E. Krotkov, "Focusing," Int. J. of Comput. Vision, vol. 1, pp. 223-237, 1987.

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{10} G. Ligthart and F. Groen, "A comparison of different autofocus algorithms," in Proc. of ICPR, 1982, pp. 597-600.

[11]

{11} H. N. Nair and C. V. Stewart, "Robust focus ranging," in Proc. CVPR, 1992, pp. 309-314.

[12]

{12} S. K. Nayar and Y. Nakagawa, "Shape from focus," Tech. Rep., Dept. of Comput. Sci., Columbia Univ., CUCS 058-92, Nov. 1992.

[13]

{13} A. Pentland, "A new sense for depth of field," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intell., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 523-531, July 1987.

Digital Library

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{14} J. F. Schlag, A. C. Sanderson, C. P. Neumann, and F. C. Wimberly, "Implementation of automatic focusing algorithms for a computer vision system with camera control," Tech. Rep., Carnegie Mellon Univ., CMU-RI-TR-83-14, Aug. 1983.

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{15} M. Subbarao, "Efficient depth recovery through inverse optics," Machine Vision for Inspection and Measurement, H. Freeman, Ed. New York: Academic Press, 1989.

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{16} M. Subbarao and G. Surya, "Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach," Tech. Rep. 92.12.03, SUNY, Stony Brook, Dec. 1992.

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{17} J. M. Tenenbaum, "Accommodation in computer vision," Ph.D. thesis, Stanford Univ., 1970.

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{18} R. G. Willson and S. A. Shafer, "Dynamic lens compensation for active color imaging and constant magnification focusing," Tech. Rep., Carnegie Mellon Univ., CMU-RI-TR-91, Oct. 1991.

Cited By

Wang JQu HZhang ZXie M(2024)New insights into multi-focus image fusionInformation Fusion10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102230105:COnline publication date: 1-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102230
Lewis DChatoux HMansouri A(2024)SFF-RTI: an active multi-light approach to shape from focusThe Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics10.1007/s00371-023-02902-140:3(2067-2079)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s00371-023-02902-1
Azevedo CSantra SKumawat SNagahara HMorooka K(2024)Deep Volume Reconstruction from Multi-focus Microscopic ImagesMedical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 202410.1007/978-3-031-72083-3_5(47-57)Online publication date: 7-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-031-72083-3_5
Show More Cited By

Shape from Focus
1. Computing methodologies
  1. Artificial intelligence
    1. Computer vision
      1. Computer vision tasks
  2. Computer graphics

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Published In

cover image IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Volume 16, Issue 8

August 1994

105 pages

ISSN:0162-8828

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © Copyright © 1994 IEEE. All Rights Reserved.

Publisher

IEEE Computer Society

United States

Publication History

Published: 01 August 1994

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Cited By

Wang JQu HZhang ZXie M(2024)New insights into multi-focus image fusionInformation Fusion10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102230105:COnline publication date: 1-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102230
Lewis DChatoux HMansouri A(2024)SFF-RTI: an active multi-light approach to shape from focusThe Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics10.1007/s00371-023-02902-140:3(2067-2079)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s00371-023-02902-1
Azevedo CSantra SKumawat SNagahara HMorooka K(2024)Deep Volume Reconstruction from Multi-focus Microscopic ImagesMedical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 202410.1007/978-3-031-72083-3_5(47-57)Online publication date: 7-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-031-72083-3_5
Ali UMahmood M(2023)Enforcing spatially coherent structures in shape from focusMultimedia Tools and Applications10.1007/s11042-023-14984-z82:23(36431-36447)Online publication date: 31-Mar-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11042-023-14984-z
Bailey MHilton AGuillemaut J(2022)Finite Aperture StereoInternational Journal of Computer Vision10.1007/s11263-022-01658-w130:11(2858-2884)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11263-022-01658-w
Ribal CLe Hégarat-Mascle SLermé N(2022)Thin structures retrieval using anisotropic neighborhoods of superpixels: application to shape-from-focusMultidimensional Systems and Signal Processing10.1007/s11045-022-00854-834:1(179-204)Online publication date: 16-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11045-022-00854-8
Ren JRen MLiu RSun LZhang K(2021)An Effective Imaging System for 3D Detection of Occluded ObjectsProceedings of the 2021 4th International Conference on Image and Graphics Processing10.1145/3447587.3447591(20-30)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447587.3447591
Satapathy SSahay R(2021)Robust depth map inpainting using superpixels and non-local Gauss–Markov random field priorImage Communication10.1016/j.image.2021.11637898:COnline publication date: 1-Oct-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.image.2021.116378
Zhang SLi XZhu RZhang XWang ZZhang S(2021)Medical image fusion algorithm based on L0 gradient minimization for CT and MRIMultimedia Tools and Applications10.1007/s11042-021-10596-780:14(21135-21164)Online publication date: 1-Jun-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11042-021-10596-7
Hu ZLiang WDing DWei G(2021)An improved multi-focus image fusion algorithm based on multi-scale weighted focus measureApplied Intelligence10.1007/s10489-020-02066-851:7(4453-4469)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10489-020-02066-8
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