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research-article

Virtual reality-based measurement of ocular deviation in strabismus

Published: 01 March 2020 Publication History

Highlights

The proposed virtual reality-based real-time system completely replaces the diagnostic procedure of a doctor in cover tests, which can be applied in a small space and have a high tolerance for head movements using only a virtual reality headset and a common personal computer.
Pupil tracking technique is applied for more objective and accurate observation of eye motion instead of using naked eyes in real examination.
Two diagnosis techniques, direct measurement and stepwise approximation, are developed to accurately and efficiently assess the deviation angle in strabismus.

Abstract

Background and objective

Strabismus is an eye movement disorder in which shows the abnormal ocular deviation. Cover tests have mainly been used in the clinical diagnosis of strabismus for treatment. However, the whole process depends on the doctor's level of experience, which could be subjected to several factors. In this study, an automated technique for measurement of ocular deviation using a virtual reality (VR) device is developed.

Methods

A VR display system in which the screens that have the fixation target are changed alternately between on and off stages is used to simulate the normal strabismus diagnosis steps. Patients watch special-designed 3D scenes, and their eye motions are recorded by two infrared (IR) cameras. An image-processing-based pupil tracking technique is then applied to track their eye movement. After recording eye motion, two strategies for strabismus angle estimation are implemented: direct measurement and stepwise approximation. The direct measurement converts the eye movement to a strabismus angle after considering the eyeball diameter, while the stepwise approximation measures the ocular deviation through the feedback calibration process.

Results

Experiments are carried out with various strabismus patients. The results are compared to those of their doctors’ measurement, which shows good agreement.

Conclusions

The results clearly indicate that these techniques could identify ocular deviation with high accuracy and efficiency. The proposed system can be applied in small space and has high tolerance for the unexpected head movements compared with other camera-based system.

References

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Cited By

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  • (2024)Therapies for Strabismus and Amblyopia in Children: Are We Ready to Take Advantage of XR?Extended Reality10.1007/978-3-031-71704-8_4(43-57)Online publication date: 4-Sep-2024
  • (2023)Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality: a Broad Review of Applications and ChallengesVirtual Reality10.1007/s10055-022-00738-z27:2(1481-1505)Online publication date: 1-Jun-2023

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Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine  Volume 185, Issue C
Mar 2020
382 pages

Publisher

Elsevier North-Holland, Inc.

United States

Publication History

Published: 01 March 2020

Author Tags

  1. Virtual reality
  2. Pupil tracking
  3. Computer vision
  4. Strabismus
  5. Cover tests

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View all
  • (2024)Therapies for Strabismus and Amblyopia in Children: Are We Ready to Take Advantage of XR?Extended Reality10.1007/978-3-031-71704-8_4(43-57)Online publication date: 4-Sep-2024
  • (2023)Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality: a Broad Review of Applications and ChallengesVirtual Reality10.1007/s10055-022-00738-z27:2(1481-1505)Online publication date: 1-Jun-2023

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