[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ skip to main content
article

Visualizing uncertainty in multi-spectral remotely sensed imagery

Published: 01 April 2002 Publication History

Abstract

Error and uncertainty in remotely sensed data come from several sources, and can be increased or mitigated by the processing to which that data is subjected (e.g. resampling, atmospheric correction). Historically the effects of such uncertainty have only been considered overall and evaluated in a confusion matrix which becomes high-level meta-data, and so is commonly ignored. However, some of the sources of uncertainty can be explicitly identified and modelled, and their effects (which often vary across space and time) visualized. Others can be considered overall, but their spatial effects can still be visualized. This process of visualization is of particular value for users who need to assess the importance of data uncertainty for their own practical applications. This paper describes a Java-based toolkit, which uses interactive and linked views to enable visualization of data uncertainty by a variety of means. This allows users to consider error and uncertainty as integral elements of image data, to be viewed and explored, rather than as labels or indices attached to the data.

References

[1]
Bastin, L., 1997. Comparison of fuzzy c-means classification, linear mixture modelling and MLC probabilities as tools for unmixing coarse pixels. International Journal of Remote Sensing 18 (17), 3629-3648.
[2]
Bastin, L., Wood, J., Fisher, P.F., 1999a. Visualization of fuzzy spatial information in spatial decision-making. In: Lowell, K., Jaton, A. (Eds.), Spatial Accuracy Assessment: Land Information Uncertainty in Natural Resources. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, pp. 151-156.
[3]
Bastin, L., Wood, J., Fisher, P.F., 1999b. Visualizing uncertainty in fuzzy thematic classifications of multispectral satellite imagery. In: Shi, W., Goodchild, M.F., Fisher, P.F. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality' 99. Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, pp. 243-252.
[4]
Beard, M.K., Buttenfield, B., 1999. Detecting and evaluating errors by graphic methods. In: Longley, P., Goodchild, M., Maguire, D., Rhind, D. (Eds.), Geographical Information Systems: Vol. 1. Principles, Techniques and Issues. Wiley, New York, pp. 219-233.
[5]
Blenkinsop, S., Fisher, P., Bastin, L., Wood, J., Evaluating the perception of uncertainty in alternative visualization strategies. Cartographica, in press.
[6]
Campbell, J.B., 1996. In: Introduction to Remote Sensing, 2nd Edn. Guilford Press, New York, pp. 622.
[7]
Davis, T.J, Keller, C.P., 1997. Modelling and visualizing multiple spatial uncertainties. Computers & Geosciences 23 (4), 397-408.
[8]
Di Carlo, W., 2000. Exploring multi-dimensional remote sensing data with a virtual reality system. Geographical and Environmental Modelling 4 (1), 7-20.
[9]
Dykes, J.A., 1997. Exploring spatial data representation with dynamic graphics. Computers & Geosciences 23 (4), 345-370.
[10]
Ehlschlaeger, C.R., Shortridge, A.M., Goodchild, M.F., 1997. Visualizing spatial data uncertainty using animation. Computers & Geosciences 23 (4), 387-395.
[11]
Evans, B.J., 1997. Dynamic display of spatial data reliability: does it benefit the map user? Computers & Geosciences 23 (4), 409-422.
[12]
Fisher, P.F., 1994a. Hearing the reliability in classified remotely sensed images. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 21 (1), 31-36.
[13]
Fisher, P.F., 1994b. Visualization of the reliability in classified remotely sensed images. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 60 (7), 905-910.
[14]
Fisher, P.F., 1997. The pixel: a snare and a delusion. International Journal of Remote Sensing 18 (3), 679-685.
[15]
Fisher, P.F., Pathirana, S., 1991. The evaluation of fuzzy membership of land cover classes in the sub-urban zone. Remote Sensing of Environment 34 (2), 121-132.
[16]
Foody, G.M., 1992. A fuzzy sets approach to the representation of vegetation continua from remotely sensed data: an example from lowland heath. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 60 (1), 61-65.
[17]
Foody, G.M., 1996. Approaches to the production and evaluation of fuzzy land cover classification from remotely-sensed data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 17 (7), 1317-1340.
[18]
Friedman, J., Tukey, J., 1974. A projection pursuit algorithm for exploratory data analysis. IEEE Transactions in Computers 23 (9), 881-889.
[19]
Goodchild, M.F., Buttenfield, B., Wood, J., 1994. Introduction to visualizing data validity. In: Hearnshaw, H., Unwin, D.J. (Eds.), Visualization in Geographical Information Systems. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 141-149.
[20]
Hearnshaw, H., Unwin, D.J. (Eds.), 1994. Visualization in Geographical Information Systems. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 241pp.
[21]
Hootsmans, R.M., 1996. Fuzzy sets and series analysis for visual decision support in spatial data exploration. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Utrecht, Netherlands, 192pp.
[22]
Hughes, M.J., Bygrave, J., Bastin, L., Fisher, P.F., 1999. High order uncertainty in spatial information: estimating the proportion of cover types within a pixel. In: Lowell, K., Jaton, A. (Eds.), Spatial Accuracy Assessment: Land Information Uncertainty in Natural Resources. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, pp. 319-323.
[23]
Hunter, G.J., Goodchild, M.F., 1995. Dealing with error in spatial databases: a simple case study. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 61 (5), 529-537.
[24]
Hunter, G.J., Goodchild, M.F., 1996. A new model for handling vector data uncertainty in GIS. Journal of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association 8 (1), 51-57.
[25]
Jensen, J.R., 1996. Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective. 2nd Edn. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 318.
[26]
Justice, C.O., Markham, B.L., Townshend, J.R.G., Kennard, R.L., 1989. Spatial degradation of satellite data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 10 (7), 1539-1561.
[27]
Kerekes, J.P., Landgrebe, D.A., 1989. Simulation of optical remote sensing systems. IEEE Transactions in Geoscience & Remote Sensing 6 (6), 762-771.
[28]
Kraak, M.-J., MacEachren, A.M. (Eds.), 1999. Special issue: visualization for exploration of spatial data. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 13(4), 285-443.
[29]
Lunetta, R.S., Congalton, R.G., Fenstermaker, L.K., Jensen, J.R., McGwire, K.C., Tinney, J.R., 1991. Remote sensing and geographic information data integration: error sources and research issues. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 57 (6), 677-687.
[30]
MacEachren, A.M., 1992. Visualizing uncertain information. Cartographic Perspectives 13, 10-19.
[31]
MacEachren, A.M., 1994. Visualization in modern cartography: setting the agenda. In: McEachren, A.M., Taylor, D.R.F. (Eds.), Visualization in Modern Cartography. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 1-12.
[32]
MacEachren, A.M., Kraak, M.-J. (Eds.), 1997. Special issue: exploratory cartographic visualization. Computers & Geosciences 23(4), 335-491.
[33]
MacEachren, A.M., Taylor, D.R.F. (Eds.), 1994. Visualization in Modern Cartography. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 345pp.
[34]
Markham, B.L., 1985. The Landsat sensors spatial responses. IEEE Transactions in Geoscience & Remote Sensing 6 (6), 864-874.
[35]
Mather, P., 1999. Computer Processing of Remotely Sensed Images : An Introduction. Wiley, New York, 304pp.
[36]
Monmonier, M., 1989. Geographic brushing: enhancing exploratory analysis of the scatterplot matrix. Geographical Analysis 21 (1), 81-84.
[37]
Petrakos, M., Di Carlo, W., Kanellopoulos, I., 1999. Projection pursuit and a VR environment for visualization of remotely sensed data. In: Proceedings of the IGARSS Conference, Hamburg. IEEE Press, New York, pp. 2498-2500.
[38]
Sadowski, F.A., Sarno, J.E. 1976. Forest classification accuracy as influenced by multispectral scanner spatial resolution. Report No. 109600-71-F, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 59pp.
[39]
Shi, W.Z., Ehlers, M., Tempfli, K., 1999. Analytical modelling of positional and thematic uncertainties in the integration of remote sensing and geographical information systems. Transactions in GIS 3 (3), 119-136.
[40]
Sun Computers, 1997. Java Beans standards, http://java.sun.- com/beans/docs/spec.html (downloaded 5/2/1998), 1997.
[41]
van der Wel, F.J.M., Gaag, L.C., van der Gorte, B., 1998. Visual exploration of uncertainty in remote sensing classification. Computers & Geosciences 24(4), 335-343.
[42]
van der Wel, F.J.M., Hootsmans, R.M., 1993. Visualization of quality information as an indispensable part of optimal information extraction from a GIS, In: Proceedings of the 16th Congress of the International Cartographic Association, Cologne, Vol. 2, pp. 881-897.
[43]
van der Wel, F.J.M., Hootsmans, R.M., Ormeling, F., 1994. Visualization of data quality. In: McEachren, A.M., Taylor, D.R.F. (Eds.), Visualization in Modern Cartography. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 313-331.
[44]
van Kootwijk, E.J., van der Voet, H., Berdowski, J.J.M., 1995. Estimation of ground cover composition per pixel after matching image and ground data with subpixel accuracy. International Journal of Remote Sensing 16 (1), 97-111.
[45]
Wegman, E.J., 1990. Hyperdimensional data analysis using parallel coordinates. Journal of the American Statistical Association 85 (411), 664-675.

Cited By

View all
  • (2017)Improving Human-Machine Cooperative Visual Search With Soft HighlightingACM Transactions on Applied Perception10.1145/312966915:1(1-21)Online publication date: 18-Sep-2017
  • (2016)Why Evaluating Uncertainty Visualization is Error ProneProceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Beyond Time and Errors on Novel Evaluation Methods for Visualization10.1145/2993901.2993919(143-151)Online publication date: 24-Oct-2016
  • (2015)Uncertainty Representation in Visualizations of Learning Analytics for Learners: Current Approaches and OpportunitiesIEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies10.1109/TLT.2015.24116048:3(242-260)Online publication date: 15-Sep-2015
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Visualizing uncertainty in multi-spectral remotely sensed imagery

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image Computers & Geosciences
    Computers & Geosciences  Volume 28, Issue 3
    April 2002
    144 pages

    Publisher

    Pergamon Press, Inc.

    United States

    Publication History

    Published: 01 April 2002

    Author Tags

    1. exploratory analysis
    2. sub-pixel phenomena
    3. uncertainty
    4. visualization

    Qualifiers

    • Article

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)0
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
    Reflects downloads up to 14 Dec 2024

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2017)Improving Human-Machine Cooperative Visual Search With Soft HighlightingACM Transactions on Applied Perception10.1145/312966915:1(1-21)Online publication date: 18-Sep-2017
    • (2016)Why Evaluating Uncertainty Visualization is Error ProneProceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Beyond Time and Errors on Novel Evaluation Methods for Visualization10.1145/2993901.2993919(143-151)Online publication date: 24-Oct-2016
    • (2015)Uncertainty Representation in Visualizations of Learning Analytics for Learners: Current Approaches and OpportunitiesIEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies10.1109/TLT.2015.24116048:3(242-260)Online publication date: 15-Sep-2015
    • (2008)Geo-spatial Data Analysis, Quality Assessment and VisualizationProceeding sof the international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, Part I10.1007/978-3-540-69839-5_20(258-267)Online publication date: 30-Jun-2008
    • (2007)A survey of image classification methods and techniques for improving classification performanceInternational Journal of Remote Sensing10.1080/0143116060074645628:5(823-870)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007

    View Options

    View options

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media