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article

Usage and attribution of Stack Overflow code snippets in GitHub projects

Authors:

Sebastian Baltes,

Stephan DiehlAuthors Info & Claims

Empirical Software Engineering, Volume 24, Issue 3

Pages 1259 - 1295

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9650-5

Published: 01 June 2019 Publication History

Abstract

Stack Overflow (SO) is the most popular question-and-answer website for software developers, providing a large amount of copyable code snippets. Using those snippets raises maintenance and legal issues. SO's license (CC BY-SA 3.0) requires attribution, i.e., referencing the original question or answer, and requires derived work to adopt a compatible license. While there is a heated debate on SO's license model for code snippets and the required attribution, little is known about the extent to which snippets are copied from SO without proper attribution. We present results of a large-scale empirical study analyzing the usage and attribution of non-trivial Java code snippets from SO answers in public GitHub (GH) projects. We followed three different approaches to triangulate an estimate for the ratio of unattributed usages and conducted two online surveys with software developers to complement our results. For the different sets of projects that we analyzed, the ratio of projects containing files with a reference to SO varied between 3.3% and 11.9%. We found that at most 1.8% of all analyzed repositories containing code from SO used the code in a way compatible with CC BY-SA 3.0. Moreover, we estimate that at most a quarter of the copied code snippets from SO are attributed as required. Of the surveyed developers, almost one half admitted copying code from SO without attribution and about two thirds were not aware of the license of SO code snippets and its implications.

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Cited By

Seredko AHillman T(2024)What Does a Downvote Do? Performing Complementary and Competing Knowledge Practices on an Online PlatformProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36536928:CSCW1(1-28)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3653692
Wintersgill NStalnaker THeymann LChaparro OPoshyvanyk D(2024)“The Law Doesn’t Work Like a Computer”: Exploring Software Licensing Issues Faced by Legal PractitionersProceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering10.1145/36437661:FSE(882-905)Online publication date: 12-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643766
Tereszkowski-Kaminski MDash SSuarez-Tangil G(2024)A Study of Malicious Source Code Reuse Among GitHub, StackOverflow and Underground ForumsComputer Security – ESORICS 202410.1007/978-3-031-70896-1_3(45-66)Online publication date: 16-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-031-70896-1_3
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Index Terms

Usage and attribution of Stack Overflow code snippets in GitHub projects
1. Social and professional topics
  1. Professional topics
2. Software and its engineering
  1. Software creation and management
    1. Collaboration in software development
      1. Open source model
    2. Software post-development issues
      1. Software version control
  2. Software notations and tools
    1. Software configuration management and version control systems

Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

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cover image Empirical Software Engineering

Empirical Software Engineering Volume 24, Issue 3

Jun 2019

592 pages

ISSN:1382-3256

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Copyright © Copyright © 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

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Kluwer Academic Publishers

United States

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Published: 01 June 2019

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Seredko AHillman T(2024)What Does a Downvote Do? Performing Complementary and Competing Knowledge Practices on an Online PlatformProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36536928:CSCW1(1-28)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3653692
Wintersgill NStalnaker THeymann LChaparro OPoshyvanyk D(2024)“The Law Doesn’t Work Like a Computer”: Exploring Software Licensing Issues Faced by Legal PractitionersProceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering10.1145/36437661:FSE(882-905)Online publication date: 12-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643766
Tereszkowski-Kaminski MDash SSuarez-Tangil G(2024)A Study of Malicious Source Code Reuse Among GitHub, StackOverflow and Underground ForumsComputer Security – ESORICS 202410.1007/978-3-031-70896-1_3(45-66)Online publication date: 16-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-031-70896-1_3
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