[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ skip to main content
article

The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence of a Leader and Employee Motivation to Job Performance

Published: 01 October 2013 Publication History

Abstract

This quantitative study investigated the bond between a leader's emotional intelligence to employee motivation. The research was conducted at a federal government agency resided north bound of the United States of America. Participants consisted of 350 full time employees from various units of the organization. The leader's emotional intelligence was tested with Emotional Social Competence Inventory ESCI tool, whereas employees' motivation was verified with the Four Drive 4-D instrument. The study depicted a link between a leader's emotions and employee interest to excel. Emotional aptitude scored high, which indicates that the leader's emotion affected employees' behavior. Employees likely to stay with the organization displayed strong organizational awareness with high sense of belonging. The different groups observed, revealed results with both positive and negative significant correlations p <.05. The final outcome depicted that a leader's emotional intelligence influenced employees' motivation to excel. As the sample size was large some of the results were generalized.

References

[1]
Araujo, S. V. A., &amp; Taylor, S. N. 2012. The influence of emotional and social competencies on the performance of peruvian refinery staff. Cross Cultural Management, 191, 19-29.
[2]
Ashkanasy, N. M., &amp; Daus, C. S. 2005. Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers. The Academy of Management Executive, 16, 76-86.
[3]
Austin, E. J., Farrelly, D., Black, C., &amp; Moore, H. 2007. Emotional intelligence, Machiavellianism and emotional manipulation: Did EI have a dark side? Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 179-189.
[4]
Bae, K., Chuma, H., Kato, T., Kim, D., &amp; Ohadhi, I. 2011. High performance work practices and employee voice: A comparison of Japanese and Korean workers. Industrial Relations, 501, 1-29.
[5]
Becker, T. 2006, April. Is emotional intelligence a viable concept? Academy of Management Reviewed, 192-195.
[6]
Bolton, S. 2005. Emotion management in the workplace. Houndsmill, NH: Palgrave Macmillan.
[7]
Bowling, N. A. 2009. Was the job satisfaction-job performance relationship spurious: A meta-analytic Examination. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 167-185.
[8]
Boyatzis, R. E. 2006. Using tipping points of emotional intelligence and cognitive competencies to predict financial performance of leaders. Psicothema, 18, 124-131. 17295969.
[9]
Brackett, M. A., &amp; Geher, G. 2006. Measuring emotional intelligence: Paradigmatic diversity and common ground. In Ciarrochi, J., Forgas, J. P., &amp; Mayer, J. D. Eds., Emotional intelligence in everyday life pp. 27-50. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
[10]
Brackett, M. A., &amp; Mayer, J. D. 2006. Convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of competing measured of emotional intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 299, 1147-1158.
[11]
Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., Shiffman, S., Lerner, N., &amp; Salovey, P. 2006. Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of self-report and performance measured of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 780-795. 17014299.
[12]
Brown, F. W., Bryant, S. E., &amp; Reilly, M. D. 2006. Did emotional intelligence-as measured by the EQI-influence transformational leadership and/or desirable outcomes? Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 5, 330-351.
[13]
Carmeli, A. 2006. The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 788-813.
[14]
Caruso, D. R., Mayer, J. D., &amp; Salovey, P. 2006. Emotional intelligence and emotional leadership. In Riggio, R. E., Murphy, S. E., &amp; Pirozzolo, F. J. Eds., Multiple intelligences and leadership pp. 55-74. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
[15]
Chan, K., &amp; Lam, W. 2011. The trade-off of servicing empowerment on employees' service performance: examining the underlying motivation and workload mechanisms. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 394, 609-628.
[16]
Chen, G., Ployhart, R. E., Thomas, H. C., Anderson, N., &amp; Bliese, P. D. 2011. The power of momentum: A new model of dynamic relationships between job satisfaction change and turnover intentions. Academy of Management Journal, 541, 159-181.
[17]
Chong, A. Y., Ooi, K., Chan, F. S., &amp; Darmanwa, N. 2011. Did employee alignment affect business-it alignment? An empirical analysis. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 513, 10-20.
[18]
Cline, D., Reilly, C., &amp; Moore, J. F. 2004. What's behind RN motivation? Uncover the "real reason" nurses leave. Holistic Nursing Practice, 181, 45-49.
[19]
Cooper, D. R., &amp; Schindler, P. S. 2011. Business research methods 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
[20]
Creswell, J. W. 2009. Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[21]
Daus, C. S., &amp; Ashkanasy, N. M. 2005. The case for the ability-based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 453-466.
[22]
Day, A. L., &amp; Carroll, S. A. 2008. Faking emotional intelligence EI: Comparing response distortion on ability and trait-based EI measured. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 761-784.
[23]
Dierdorff, E. C., Bell, S. T., &amp; Belohlav, J. A. 2011. The power of "we": Effects of psychological collectivism on team performance over time. Association for Computing Machinery, 547, 131-141.
[24]
Dries, N., &amp; Pepermans, R. 2007. Using emotional intelligence to identify high potential: a metacompetency perspective. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 288, 749.
[25]
Druskat, V. U., &amp; Pescosolido, A. T. 2006. The impact of emergent leader's emotionally competent behavior on team trust, communication, engagement and effectiveness. In Ashkanasy, N., Hartel, C., &amp; Zerbe, W. Eds., Research on emotion in organizations, volume 2: Individual and organizational perspectives on emotion management and display. Elsevier Publishing.
[26]
Dulewicz, V., &amp; Higgs, M. 2006. Leadership at the top: The need for emotional intelligence in organizations. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 113, 193.
[27]
Evans, A. N., &amp; Rooney, B. 2008. Methods in psychological research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
[28]
Farndale, E., Van Ruiten, J., Kelliher, C., &amp; Hope-Hailey, V. 2011. The influence of perceived employee voice on organizational commitment: An exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 102, 261-276.
[29]
Ferris, G. R., Perrewe¿, P. L., &amp; Douglas, C. 2005. Social effectiveness in organizations: Construct validity and research directions. Journal of Leadership &amp; Organizational Studies, 9, 49-63.
[30]
Finnegan, R. 2006. Pay is one reason why motivation rates will jump eight percent this year. IOMA's Pay for Performance Report, 45, 4.
[31]
Fiori, M. 2009. A new looked at emotional intelligence: A dual-process framework. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 21-44. 19114503.
[32]
Fowler, F. J.Jr. 2005. Survey research methods 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
[33]
Frank, F. D., Finnegan, R. P., &amp; Taylor, C. R. 2006. The race for talent: Retaining and engaging workers in the 21st Century. Human Resource Planning, 273, 12-26.
[34]
Gaan, N. 2011. A revisit on impact of job attitudes on employee turnover: An empirical study in Indian IT industry. Vilakshan: The XIMB . Journal of Management, 82, 33-42.
[35]
Gardner, L., &amp; Stough, C. 2008. Examining the relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level managers. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 23, 68-78.
[36]
Gardner, W. L., Fischer, D., &amp; Hunt, J. G. 2009. Emotional labor and leadership: A threat to authenticity? The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 466-482.
[37]
Goleman, D., &amp; Boyatzis, R. 2008. Social intelligence and the biology of leadership. Harvard Business Review, 869, 74-81. 18777666.
[38]
Groves, K. S. 2005. Linking leader skills, follower attitudes, and contextual variables via an integrated model of charismatic leadership. Journal of Management, 31, 255-277.
[39]
Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., &amp; Tourangeau, R. 2010. Survey methodology 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons.
[40]
Gustafson, M. C. 2009. Employee motivation: A study of private clubs in the USA. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 143, 106-113.
[41]
Haygroup. n.d. Emotional and social competence inventory. Retrieved January 01, 2013 from http://www.haygroup.com/
[42]
He, Y., Kin, K. L., &amp; Lu, Y. 2011. Linking organizational support to employee commitment: Evidence from hotel industry of China. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 221, 197-217.
[43]
Heavey, C., Halliday, S. V., Gilbert, D., &amp; Murphy, E. 2011. Enhancing performance: Broughting trust, commitment and motivation together in organizations. Journal of General Management, 363, 1-18.
[44]
Higgs, M., &amp; Aitken, P. 2006. An exploration of the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership potential. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 814-823.
[45]
Houston, D. J. 2011. Implications of occupational locus and focused for public service motivation: Attitudes toward work motives across nations. Public Administration Review, 715, 761-771.
[46]
Humphrey, R. H. 2006. Promising research opportunities in emotions and coping with conflict. Journal of Management &amp; Organization, 12, 179-186.
[47]
Humphrey, R. H. 2008. The right way to lead with emotional labor. In Humphrey, R. H. Ed., Affect and emotion: New directions in management theory and research pp. 1-17. Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
[48]
Jacobson, W. S. 2011. Creating a motivated workforce: How organizations could enhance and develop public service motivation. Public Personnel Management, 403, 215-238.
[49]
James, J. B., McKechnie, S., &amp; Swanberg, J. 2011. Predicting employee engagement in an age-diverse retail workforce. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 322, 173-196.
[50]
Jiang, D., Lin, Y., &amp; Lin, L. 2011. Business moral values of supervisors and subordinates and their effect on employee effectiveness. Journal of Business Ethics, 1002, 239-252.
[51]
Johnson, M. 2011. Workforce deviance and the business case for employee engagement. Journal for Quality and Participation, 342, 11-16.
[52]
Joshi, R. J., &amp; Sodhi, J. S. 2011. Drivers of employee engagement in Indian organizations. Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations &amp; Human Resources, 471, 162-182.
[53]
Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H., &amp; Sleeth, R. G. 2006. Empathy and the emergence of task and relations leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 146-162.
[54]
Kerr, R., Garvin, J., Heaton, N., &amp; Boyle, E. 2006. Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 27, 265-279.
[55]
Kuang, X., &amp; Moser, D. V. 2011. Wage negotiation, employee effort, and firm profit under output-based versus fixed-wage incentive contracts. Contemporary Accounting Research, 282, 616-642.
[56]
Lam, C. S. 2011. Frontline employees' informal learning and customer relationship skills in macao casinos: An empirical study. University of Nevada, Las Vegas Gaming Research &amp; Reviewed Journal, 152, 35-57.
[57]
Langhorn, S. 2004. How emotional intelligence could improve management performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16, 220-230.
[58]
Law, K. S., Wong, C., Huang, G., &amp; Li, X. 2008. The effects of emotional intelligence on job performance and life satisfaction for the research and development scientists in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25, 51-69.
[59]
Lawrence, P., &amp; Nohria, N. 2009. Four drive model: New theory on employee motivation. What motivates you? What Motivates You? A place for current, innovative, and relevant motivation news, tips, links, thoughts, information for individuals, teams, and organizations. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http://thelanterngroup.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/four-drive-model-new-theory-on-employee-motivation
[60]
Lee, K. 2011. Motivations, barriers, and incentives for adopting environmental management cost accounting and related guidelines: A study of the republic of Korea. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 181, 39-49.
[61]
Lee, K., Scandura, T., Kim, Y., Joshi, K., &amp; Lee, J. 2012. Examining leader-member exchange as a moderator of the relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity of software developers. Engineering Management Research, 11, 15-28.
[62]
Lee, S. Y. 2006. Expectations of employees toward the workplace and environmental satisfaction. Journal of Facilities Management, 241, 343-353.
[63]
Leiter, M. P., Laschinger, H. S., Day, A., &amp; Oore, D. G. 2011. The impact of civility interventions on employee social behavior, distress, and attitudes. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 966, 1258-1274. 21744942.
[64]
Lewis, T. 2011. Assessing social identity and collective efficacy as theories of group motivation at work. Journal of Human Resource Management, 224, 963-980.
[65]
Liu, D., Zhang, S., Wang, L., &amp; Lee, T. 2011. The effects of autonomy and empowerment on employee turnover: Test of a multilevel model in teams. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 966, 1305-1316. 21744939.
[66]
Liu, G., &amp; Ko, W. 2011. Social alliance and employee voluntary activities: A resource-based perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 1042, 251-268.
[67]
Locke, E. A. 2005. Why emotional intelligence was an invalid concept. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 425-431.
[68]
Locke, E. A., &amp; Latham, G. P. 2005. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. Americould Psychologist, 57, 705-717. 12237980.
[69]
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., &amp; Caruso, D. R. 2006. Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 197-215.
[70]
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., &amp; Caruso, D. R. 2008. Emotional intelligence: New ability or eclectic traits? Americould Psychologist, 63, 503-517. 18793038.
[71]
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., &amp; Caruso, D. R. 2009. Mayer Salovey Caruso emotional intelligence test. Retrieved February 03, 2013, from http://www.eiconsortium.org.
[72]
Momeni, N. 2009. The relation between managers' emotional intelligence and the organizational climate they create. Public Personnel Management, 382, 35-48.
[73]
Morain, E. 2006. Emotional intelligence stretches the IQ concept. Des Moines Business Record, 2245, 18.
[74]
Moss, S., Ritossa, D., &amp; Ngu, S. 2006. The effect of follower regulatory focused and extraversion on leadership behavior. The role of emotional intelligence. Journal of Individual Differences, 27, 93-107.
[75]
Mount, M., Ilies, R., &amp; Johnson, E. 2006. Relationship of personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors: The mediating effects of job satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 59, 591-622.
[76]
Neuman, W. L. 2008. Social research methods 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
[77]
Norusis, M. J. 2009. SPSS advanced statistics. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
[78]
Offerman, L. R., Bailey, J. R., Vasilopoulos, N. L., Seal, C., &amp; Sass, M. 2008. The relative contribution of emotional competence and cognitive ability to individual and team performance. Human Performance, 17, 219-243.
[79]
Omar, N. S., Olffen, W. V., &amp; Roe, R. A. 2008. Beyond the three-component model of organizational commitment. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 931, 70-83. 18211136.
[80]
Peterson, S. J., Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., &amp; Zhang, Z. 2011. Psychological capital and employee performance: A latent growth modeling approach. Personnel Psychology, 642, 427-450.
[81]
Pitts, D., Marvel, J., &amp; Fernandez, S. 2011. So hard to say goodbye? turnover intention among U.S. federal employees. Public Administration Review, 715, 751-760.
[82]
Raines, M. S. 2011. Engaging employees. American Society of Safety Engineers, 564, 36-43.
[83]
Raj, S., Walia, N., &amp; Gill, P. K. 2011. Developing an integrated information system to enhance employee performance. Global Business &amp; Management Research, 31, 7-20.
[84]
Reinholt, M. P., Torben, F., &amp; Foss, N. J. 2011. Why a central network position isn't enough: The role of motivation and ability for knowledge sharing in employee networks. Academy of Management Journal, 546, 1277-1297.
[85]
Sahoo, F. M., Sahoo, K., &amp; Das, N. 2011. Need saliency and management of employee motivation: Test of an indigenous model. Vilakshan: The XIMB Journal of Management, 73, 21-36.
[86]
Sarkar, S. 2011. A study on employee engagement at manufacturing industries. Global Management Reviewed, 53, 62-72.
[87]
Seal, C. R., Boyatzis, R. E., &amp; Bailey, J. R. 2006. Fostering emotional and social intelligence in organizations. Organization Management Journal, 33, 190-209.
[88]
Semadar, A., Robins, G., &amp; Ferris, G. R. 2006. Comparing the validity of multiple social effectiveness constructs in the prediction of managerial performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 443-461.
[89]
Sengupta, S. S. 2011. Growth in human motivation: Beyond Maslow. Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations &amp; Human Resources, 471, 102-116.
[90]
Smith, A., Oczkowski, E., &amp; Smith, C. S. 2011. To have and to hold: Modeling the drivers of employee turnover and skill retention in australian organizations. Journal of Human Resource Management, 222, 395-416.
[91]
Smith, I. 2006. Communicating in times of change. Library Management, 271/2, 108-112.
[92]
Story, P. 2010. The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, advance online publication.
[93]
Taylor, F. W. 1964. Scientific management: Comprising shop management, the principles of scientific management and testimony, testimony before the special house committee. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
[94]
Vallerand, R. J., &amp; Lalande, D. R. 2011. The MPIC model: The perspective of the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 221, 45-51.
[95]
Walter, F., &amp; Bruch, H. 2007. Investigating the emotional basis of charismatic leadership: The role of leaders' positive mood and emotional intelligence. In Hartel, C. E. J., Ashkanasy, N. M., &amp; Zerbe, W. J. Eds., Research on emotion in organizations Vol. 3, pp. 55-85. Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier.
[96]
Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., &amp; Peterson, S. J. 2008. Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34, 89-126.
[97]
Weinberger, L. A. 2009. Emotional intelligence, leadership style, and perceived leadership effectiveness. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11, 747-772.
[98]
Wolff, S. B. 2006. Emotional competence inventory ECI: Technical manual. Hay Group. Retrieved August 10, 2012, from http://www.eiconsortium.org/measured/eci_360.html
[99]
Young, M., &amp; Dulewicz, V. 2007. Relationships between emotional and congruent self-awareness and performance in the British Royal Navy. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 465-468.
[100]
Yun-Tsan, L., Shui-Chuan, C., &amp; Hsiang-Ta, C. 2011. The effect of organizational commitment on employee reactions to educational training: An evaluation using the kirkpatrick four-level model. International Journal of Management, 283, 926-938.

Cited By

View all
  • (2018)Emotional Intelligence and Personality Traits as Predictors of Job Performance of IT EmployeesInternational Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals10.4018/IJHCITP.20180701059:3(70-83)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018
  1. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence of a Leader and Employee Motivation to Job Performance

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications
      International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications  Volume 4, Issue 4
      October 2013
      103 pages
      ISSN:1947-3095
      EISSN:1947-3109
      Issue’s Table of Contents

      Publisher

      IGI Global

      United States

      Publication History

      Published: 01 October 2013

      Author Tags

      1. Emotional Competency
      2. Emotional Intelligence
      3. Employee Motivation
      4. Four Drive 4-D
      5. Job Performance
      6. Social Media
      7. Technology

      Qualifiers

      • Article

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)0
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
      Reflects downloads up to 18 Jan 2025

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2018)Emotional Intelligence and Personality Traits as Predictors of Job Performance of IT EmployeesInternational Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals10.4018/IJHCITP.20180701059:3(70-83)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018

      View Options

      View options

      Media

      Figures

      Other

      Tables

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media