A Lightweight and Low-Power UAV-Borne Ground Penetrating Radar Design for Landmine Detection
<p>Block scheme of super-heterodyne Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave (SFCW) radar [<a href="#B15-sensors-20-02234" class="html-bibr">15</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Block scheme of the proposed SFCW Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) board with indicated main system parts.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Top view of the VH antenna dimension, when the part is flattened; (<b>b</b>) side view of antenna assembly and given flattening parameters (the given values are expressed in mm) [<a href="#B26-sensors-20-02234" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Vivaldi–Horn (VH) antenna and a form holder (PLA polymer material with permittivity <span class="html-italic">ε<sub>PLA</sub></span> = 1.8 at 1.5 GHz [<a href="#B27-sensors-20-02234" class="html-bibr">27</a>]) simulation model, which design is based on dimensions shown in <a href="#sensors-20-02234-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>; (<b>b</b>) close up view of the antenna feed point (solid red line); (<b>c</b>) developed VH antenna with a 3D printed form holder.</p> "> Figure 5
<p><math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>11</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> scatering parameters of simulated VH antenna without form holder (solid orange line), with form holder (solid green line), and measured VH antenna (solid blue line). The dashed red line indicates the limiting magnitude from where the antenna is suitable for the selected frequency.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Down-looking GPR (DL-GPR); (<b>b</b>) forward-looking GPR (FL-GPR).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>SFCW GPR detailed Radio Frequency (RF) front-end block scheme.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Developed SFCW GPR board.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Direct antenna coupling under different conditions. Direct coupling (black dashed line), metal plate (solid orange line), and PCB plate (solid green line).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>) Final antenna arrangement with separation of d = 30 cm; (<b>b</b>) detailed design parameters of the PCB shield (given values are expressed in mm).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>) Anti-Personnel (AP) metal landmine of size 8 × 17 cm; (<b>b</b>) Anti-Tank (AT) plastic landmine of size 27 × 13 cm.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>B-Scan with 20 cm deep buried metal AP landmine of size 8 cm × 17 cm in dry mixed soil and antenna to ground distance is 20 cm (<b>a</b>) and 45 cm (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 13
<p>(<b>a</b>) UAV and SFCW GPR setup; (<b>b</b>) UAV flight path (solid yellow line).</p> "> Figure 14
<p>(<b>a</b>) Radargram of complete flight with UAV where scanning is visible (dashed black line) and also take-off and landing (dotted black line); (<b>b</b>) radargram of basic processed data with depicted landmines (<b>c</b>) radargram with background substraction.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave Radar
2.1. Principle of Working
2.2. Sfcw Radar Advantages
3. Sfcw Radar Design
3.1. Air-Launched Gpr Antenna
3.2. Transmitter Design
3.3. Digital Processing Block and Rf Front-End Design
- The RF front-end input is coupled with the RX antenna.
- The IQ base-band signal is acquired, serving as the receiver IQ base-band data .
- The RF front-end input is directly coupled with the TX channel.
- The IQ base-band signal is acquired, serving as the reference IQ base-band data .
4. Hardware Overview
4.1. Uav Overview
4.2. Sfcw Gpr Overview
5. Experimental Results
5.1. Laboratory Experimental Tests
5.2. Field Measurements with Use of An Uav
5.3. Performance Comparison between Other Systems
- The SFCW GPR system: Inhomogeneous soil that contains smaller stones and is covered by grass, where test landmines have been buried down to 20 cm.
- System 1: tests have included AT and AP landmines, which are located above the ground surface on an outdoor polygon.
- System 2: tests have included corner reflectors with different Radar Cross Sections (RCS), metal cans and plastic boxes, which are located above the ground surface on an outdoor polygon.
- System 3: on-ground tests have been performed in sandy soil, where a metallic disk was buried down to 15 cm. In-flight tests have included a sandbox, where a metallic disk was buried down to 12 cm. The sandbox was covered with a canvas.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Minimal freq. step | 40 kHz |
Maximal num. of freq. steps | 53,750 |
Frequency range | 550 MHz–2.7 GHz |
TX output power | dBm |
Power Consumption | 4.2 W |
SFCW GPR size | 100 mm × 50 mm |
Antenna size (1 pcs) | 95 mm × 225 mm × 180 mm |
SFCW GPR weight | 30 g |
Antenna weight (1 pcs) | 240 g |
Total payload weight | 780 g |
UAV system autonomy | 25 min |
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Šipoš, D.; Gleich, D. A Lightweight and Low-Power UAV-Borne Ground Penetrating Radar Design for Landmine Detection. Sensors 2020, 20, 2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082234
Šipoš D, Gleich D. A Lightweight and Low-Power UAV-Borne Ground Penetrating Radar Design for Landmine Detection. Sensors. 2020; 20(8):2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082234
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠipoš, Danijel, and Dušan Gleich. 2020. "A Lightweight and Low-Power UAV-Borne Ground Penetrating Radar Design for Landmine Detection" Sensors 20, no. 8: 2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082234
APA StyleŠipoš, D., & Gleich, D. (2020). A Lightweight and Low-Power UAV-Borne Ground Penetrating Radar Design for Landmine Detection. Sensors, 20(8), 2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082234