A Novel Scheme for an Energy Efficient Internet of Things Based on Wireless Sensor Networks
<p>Multi-tier Framework for IoT (CH: Cluster Heads; CCO: Cluster Coordinators; RN: Relay Nodes; NN: Normal Nodes).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Smulation after 200 rounds of data transmission.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Network lifetime comparison (1000 nodes, with the help of alive nodes, 200 m<sup>2</sup>).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Network lifetime comparison (1000 nodes, with the help of dead nodes in 200 m<sup>2</sup>).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Network lifetime comparison (1500 nodes, with the help of alive nodes in 300 m<sup>2</sup>).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Network lifetime comparison (1500 nodes, with the help of dead nodes in 300 m<sup>2</sup>).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Transmission delay (I) (1000 nodes, 200 m<sup>2</sup>).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Transmission delay (II) (1000 nodes, 200 m<sup>2</sup>).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Transmission delay (1500 nodes, 300 m<sup>2</sup>).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- A hierarchical structure for placement of network components, that is objects/things in the IoT, is presented here. This structure has the scalability feature of the IoT to extend it up to any level. Direct communications between the relay nodes and sensor nodes at the cluster level, migrate the network load from local nodes to local relay nodes to provide energy efficient communication. Inter-cluster communication via cluster coordinators shifts the load from cluster heads (in a lower cluster) to the cluster coordinators (in upper clusters) thus enhancing the network lifetime.
- (2)
- An optimization problem is considered for the proposed network structure in terms of load balance and energy consumption for implementation of an efficient and scalable IoT. Thus, we propose, ME-CBCCP under the influence of clustering topology to resolve the optimization dilemma. This strategy facilitates the implementation of an energy efficient (green) IoT.
- (3)
- With extensive simulations on randomly deployed sensor nodes, the proposed scheme is validated in comparison to the traditional WSN schemes and found to be more favored for various applications of IoT.
2. Related Work
3. System Model and Framework
3.1. System Architecture
3.1.1. Communication within Clusters
- (1)
- (2)
- (3)
- (4)
- (5)
3.1.2. Communication among Clusters
- (1)
- (2)
- (3)
- (4)
- (5)
- (6)
- (7)
- (1)
- (2)
- (3)
- (a)
- The sensor nodes are stationary and symmetric. Nodes can communicate using the same transmission power level that means links are symmetrical and each node is allocated a unique ID .The importance and potential of all the nodes are equal to extend the lifetime of the network.
- (b)
- Routing techniques are required to balance the energy consumption among the nodes because the network supplies information to stationary observers positioned at the border of the area, which entails that energy consumption is not uniform for all nodes.
- (c)
- The number of transmission power levels are fixed for each node.
- (d)
- Nodes are equipped with GPS-capable antennae. The location of the nodes is tracked in the initial phase after that GPS will be turned off because the nodes are not mobile.
- (e)
- It is not possible to recharge the batteries of the nodes as they are left unattended after deployment. Hence there is requirement of energy efficient routing protocols.
- (f)
- Data is transmitted to the BS in multi-hop manner and BS layer are not constrained in energy while the other layers have the constraint of limited energy.
- (g)
- The network of IoT is fully connected as BS is reachable to each and every node.
3.2. Research Problem Foundation
4. Model for an Energy Efficient IoT
4.1. Constraints Imposed in IoT System
Energy Consumption for data transmission | |
Energy Consumption for data reception | |
Energy Consumption for radio electronics | |
Transmit amplifier of the normal node, relay node, and CH node and CC node respectively | |
Cardinality of NN1, RN1, CH1, CC1 and BS1 | |
Data rate from node u to v | |
Maximum data rate | |
Data length of the packet | |
, , , , | Cost of CC, CH, RN, BS and NN |
Cardinality of a set | |
System budget | |
Distance from node u to v |
4.2. Energy Expenditure Constraints
4.3. Wireless Links Constraints
4.4. Optimization Problem for Energy Efficient IoT
4.5. System Budget Constraints
Algorithm 1. Minimum Energy Consumption Chain Based Algorithm (ME-CBCCP) |
Input |
Output |
Enhanced network lifetime |
1: Deploy nodes randomly in the fixed area |
2: Apply subarea division algorithm to form the clusters () with fixed boundaries, allocate the cluster IDs to each layer of the cluster . That is for Select the closest within cluster . |
3: for each , repeat
|
End for |
4: for each , repeat
|
End for |
5: for each , repeat
|
Continue with step 4. |
|
End for |
5. Performance Evaluation and Results Discussion
5.1. Setup Phase
5.2. Results Discussion
5.3. Comparison of Network Lifetime
5.4. Comparison in Delay
5.5. Comparison in Scalability
5.6. Analysis of ME-CBCCP in Terms of Other Parameters
6. Conclusions and Future Scope
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Rani, S.; Talwar, R.; Malhotra, J.; Ahmed, S.H.; Sarkar, M.; Song, H. A Novel Scheme for an Energy Efficient Internet of Things Based on Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2015, 15, 28603-28626. https://doi.org/10.3390/s151128603
Rani S, Talwar R, Malhotra J, Ahmed SH, Sarkar M, Song H. A Novel Scheme for an Energy Efficient Internet of Things Based on Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2015; 15(11):28603-28626. https://doi.org/10.3390/s151128603
Chicago/Turabian StyleRani, Shalli, Rajneesh Talwar, Jyoteesh Malhotra, Syed Hassan Ahmed, Mahasweta Sarkar, and Houbing Song. 2015. "A Novel Scheme for an Energy Efficient Internet of Things Based on Wireless Sensor Networks" Sensors 15, no. 11: 28603-28626. https://doi.org/10.3390/s151128603
APA StyleRani, S., Talwar, R., Malhotra, J., Ahmed, S. H., Sarkar, M., & Song, H. (2015). A Novel Scheme for an Energy Efficient Internet of Things Based on Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 15(11), 28603-28626. https://doi.org/10.3390/s151128603