Understanding School-Aged Childhood Obesity of Body Mass Index: Application of the Social-Ecological Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Individual Level
2.1.1. Race
2.1.2. Physical Activity
2.1.3. Gender
2.2. Family Level
2.2.1. Household Income
2.2.2. Parental Health and Health Insurance
2.2.3. Parents’ Education
2.2.4. Family Structure
2.2.5. Parents’ Age
2.3. Community/Neighborhood Level
3. Methods
3.1. Data and Sampling Process
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Dependent variable
3.2.2. Predictors
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Implications
5.2. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|
Child Gender | 2054 (100.00) | |
Boy | 1055 (51.36) | |
Girl | 999 (48.64) | |
Child Race | 2054 (100.00) | |
White | 404 (19.67) | |
Black | 1049 (51.07) | |
Hispanic | 522 (25.41) | |
Other | 79 (3.85) | |
School Types | 2054 (100.00) | |
Regular public | 1791 (87.2) | |
School with a magnet program | 84 (4.09) | |
School of choice | 172 (8.37) | |
Special education | 7 (0.34) | |
School Environments | 1837 (100.00) | |
A big problem | 464 (25.26) | |
Somewhat of a problem | 751 (40.88) | |
Not a problem | 622 (33.86) | |
Health Insurance Covered | 1980 (100.00) | |
Yes | 456 (23.03) | |
No | 1524 (76.97) | |
Family Structure | 1943 (100.00) | |
Married | 563 (28.98) | |
Separated | 29 (1.49) | |
Divorced | 7 (0.36) | |
Cohabiting | 703 (36.18) | |
Romantic but not living together | 486 (25.01) | |
Not romantic | 155 (7.98) | |
Mother’s Depression | 1974 (100.00) | |
Yes | 344 (17.43) | |
No | 1630 (82.57) | |
Physical Activity | 2041 | 3.11 (0.81) |
Mother’s Age | 1980 | 34.25 (5.93) |
Household Income | 1977 | 43,892.84 (48,213.39) |
BMI | 2031 | 19.53 (4.47) |
(a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | (e) | (f) | (g) | (h) | (i) | (j) | (k) | (l) | (m) | (n) | (o) | (p) | (q) | (r) | (s) | (t) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) BMI | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||||
(b) Boy | −0.07 * | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
(c) Black | 0.05 * | 0.01 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
(d) Hispanic | 0.09 * | −0.00 | −0.60 * | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||
(e) Other | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.20 * | −0.12 * | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
(f) Child Activity | −0.19 * | 0.23 * | 0.10 * | −0.07 * | −0.04 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
(g) Mother’s Age | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.06 * | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
(h) Household Income | −0.10 * | 0.05 * | −0.22 * | −0.08 * | 0.07 * | −0.02 | 0.27 * | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
(i) Magnet Program | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.05 * | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
(j) School of Choice | 0.02 | −0.04 * | 0.13 * | −0.07 * | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.06 * | 1.00 | ||||||||||
(k) Special Education | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.07 * | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 1.00 | |||||||||
(l) Somewhat a Problem | 0.08 * | −0.02 | 0.09 * | 0.06 * | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.11 * | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 1.00 | ||||||||
(m) No problem | −0.14 * | 0.02 | −0.25 * | −0.07 * | 0.06 * | 0.01 | 0.07 * | 0.29 * | −0.03 | −0.06 * | −0.01 | −0.60 * | 1.00 | |||||||
(n) Health Insurance | −0.00 | 0.01 | 0.09 * | −0.18 * | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 * | 0.14 * | 0.03 | 0.05 * | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.05 * | 1.00 | ||||||
(o) Separated | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.00 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.00 | 1.00 | |||||
(p) Divorced | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.00 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 1.00 | ||||
(q) Cohabiting | 0.06 * | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.07 * | −0.02 | 0.04 | −0.16 * | −0.14 * | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 * | −0.12 * | −0.09 * | −0.09 * | −0.05 * | 1.00 | |||
(r) Romantic, not living | 0.05 * | −0.01 | 0.25 * | −0.10 * | −0.04 | 0.03 | −0.08 * | −0.17 * | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.06 * | −0.14 * | 0.03 | −0.07 * | −0.03 | −0.43 * | 1.00 | ||
(s) Not romantic | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.07 * | −0.06 * | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.08 * | −0.12 * | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.02 | −0.22 * | −0.17 * | 1.00 | |
(t) Depression | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.78 * | 0.15 * | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.04 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 1.00 |
Model 1 (Complete Cases) | Model 2 (MVN Imputation) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coef. | SE | p-Value | Coef. | SE | p-Value |
Gender (Girl) | ||||||
Boy | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.867 | −0.15 | 0.20 | 0.456 |
Race/Ethnicity (White) | ||||||
Black | 0.86 | 0.32 | 0.008 | 0.96 | 0.29 | 0.001 |
Hispanic | 1.31 | 0.35 | 0.000 | 1.48 | 0.31 | 0.000 |
Other race | −0.31 | 0.58 | 0.586 | 0.30 | 0.54 | 0.580 |
Physical Activity | −1.12 | 0.13 | 0.000 | −1.08 | 0.12 | 0.000 |
Mother’s Age | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.011 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.006 |
Household Income | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.118 | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.737 |
School Type (Public School) | ||||||
School with magnet program | −0.18 | 0.52 | 0.731 | 0.06 | 0.49 | 0.900 |
School of choice | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.617 | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.520 |
Special education | 1.03 | 1.96 | 0.597 | 1.25 | 1.65 | 0.449 |
School Environments (A big problem) | ||||||
Somewhat of a problem | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.974 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.730 |
Not a problem | −0.61 | 0.30 | 0.047 | −0.59 | 0.29 | 0.038 |
Health Insurance Covered (No) | ||||||
Yes | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.314 | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.159 |
Family Structure (Married) | ||||||
Separated | 0.45 | 0.93 | 0.624 | −0.07 | 0.89 | 0.934 |
Divorced | −1.36 | 1.79 | 0.447 | −1.29 | 1.66 | 0.436 |
Cohabiting | 0.94 | 0.30 | 0.002 | 0.95 | 0.27 | 0.000 |
Romantic but not living together | 1.01 | 0.33 | 0.002 | 0.88 | 0.31 | 0.005 |
Not romantic | 0.89 | 0.45 | 0.051 | 0.85 | 0.41 | 0.039 |
Mother’s Depression (No) | ||||||
Yes | −0.05 | 0.28 | 0.849 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.665 |
Constant | 28.67 | 3.87 | 0.000 | 27.92 | 3.45 | 0.000 |
n | 1700 | 2054 | ||||
F | 8.11 *** | 8.74 *** |
Model 2A | Model 2B | Model 2C | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coef. | SE | p-Value | Coef. | SE | p-Value | Coef. | SE | p-Value |
Individual level | |||||||||
Gender (Girl) | |||||||||
Boy | −0.19 | 0.20 | 0.337 | −0.16 | 0.20 | 0.422 | −0.15 | 0.20 | 0.456 |
Race/Ethnicity (White) | |||||||||
Black | 1.56 | 0.26 | 0.000 | 1.22 | 0.28 | 0.000 | 0.96 | 0.29 | 0.001 |
Hispanic | 1.84 | 0.29 | 0.000 | 1.70 | 0.30 | 0.000 | 1.48 | 0.31 | 0.000 |
Other race | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.299 | 0.42 | 0.54 | 0.436 | 0.30 | 0.54 | 0.580 |
Physical Activity | −1.06 | 0.12 | 0.000 | −1.08 | 0.12 | 0.000 | −1.08 | 0.12 | 0.000 |
Family level | |||||||||
Mother’s Age | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.004 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.006 | |||
Household Income | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.536 | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.737 | |||
Health Insurance Covered (No) | |||||||||
Yes | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.149 | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.159 | |||
Family Structure (Married) | |||||||||
Separated | −0.09 | 0.89 | 0.924 | −0.07 | 0.89 | 0.934 | |||
Divorced | −1.38 | 1.65 | 0.404 | −1.29 | 1.66 | 0.436 | |||
Cohabiting | 1.04 | 0.27 | 0.000 | 0.95 | 0.27 | 0.000 | |||
Romantic but not living together | 0.97 | 0.31 | 0.002 | 0.88 | 0.31 | 0.005 | |||
Not romantic | 0.92 | 0.41 | 0.026 | 0.85 | 0.41 | 0.039 | |||
Mother’s Depression (No) | |||||||||
Yes | 0.10 | 0.26 | 0.691 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.665 | |||
Community/Neighborhood level | |||||||||
School Type (Public School) | |||||||||
School with magnet program | 0.06 | 0.49 | 0.900 | ||||||
School of choice | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.520 | ||||||
Special education | 1.25 | 1.65 | 0.449 | ||||||
School Environments (A big problem) | |||||||||
Somewhat of a problem | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.730 | ||||||
Not a problem | −0.59 | 0.29 | 0.038 | ||||||
Constant | 32.46 | 1.57 | 0.000 | 28.43 | 2.87 | 0.000 | 27.92 | 3.45 | 0.000 |
n | 2054 | 2054 | 2054 | ||||||
F | 26.46 *** | 11.16 *** | 8.74 *** |
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Noh, K.; Min, J.J. Understanding School-Aged Childhood Obesity of Body Mass Index: Application of the Social-Ecological Framework. Children 2020, 7, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7090134
Noh K, Min JJ. Understanding School-Aged Childhood Obesity of Body Mass Index: Application of the Social-Ecological Framework. Children. 2020; 7(9):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7090134
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoh, Keeyoon, and Jihyun Jane Min. 2020. "Understanding School-Aged Childhood Obesity of Body Mass Index: Application of the Social-Ecological Framework" Children 7, no. 9: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7090134
APA StyleNoh, K., & Min, J. J. (2020). Understanding School-Aged Childhood Obesity of Body Mass Index: Application of the Social-Ecological Framework. Children, 7(9), 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7090134