More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

chapter

Free access

Origins of the APT language for automatically programmed tools

Author:

Douglas T. RossAuthors Info & Claims

History of programming languages

June 1978

Pages 279 - 338

https://doi.org/10.1145/800025.1198374

Published: 01 June 1978 Publication History

First page of PDF

References

[1]

AIA (1957a) March 26. Report of the Meeting of the AMEC/SNC Study Group for Manuscript Codes, Computer Programming and Computer Sub-Routines Held on 1 March 1957 in Los Angles, California. Los Angeles, California: Aircraft Industries Association Memo AMEC-57-34.

[2]

AIA (1957b) April. Report Concerning the Meeting of the AIA/AMEC-SNC Control Data Processing Group Held at AIA, Los Angeles, California on 23--24 April 1957. Los Angeles, California: Aircraft Industries Association (draft copy; no doc. number).

[3]

AIA (1957c) October 18. Report of the AMEC/Subcommittee for Numerical Control held at AIA, Los Angeles, California, on 3--4 October 1957. Los Angeles, California: Aircraft Industries Association Memo AMEC-57-87.

[4]

AIA (1958) August 20. Report of AMEC/Numerical Control Panel Meeting held in Seattle on July 16--18, 1958. Los Angeles, California: Aircraft Industries Association Memo AMEC-58-44.

[5]

AIA (1959) October 9. Meeting Report, Proceedings of Computer Programmers Meeting, August 24--26 (Project 358--12.3). Los Angeles, California: Aerospace Industries Association Memo MEC-59-69. (Section VIII, p. 12, starts MIT ARELEM work.)

[6]

AIA (1961). APT Documentation (6 Vols.). Washington, D.C.: Aerospace Industries Association. (Results of the APT III Central Project at San Diego, California.)

[7]

ANSI (1976). American National Standard Programming Language PL/1. New York: American National Standards Institute, Doc. No. ANSI X3.53--1976.

[8]

Austin, L. (1959) September. Summary of September 1959 Monthly APT Progress Reports. St. Louis, Missouri: McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (no number).

[9]

Benetar, V. (1957) May 10. Subject: Standard Manuscript Language, Marietta, Georgia: Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Memo to AIA AMEC/Subcommittee for Numerical Control (no number).

[10]

Boeing (1957a) February 27. Part Programming Language, Numerical Control Program---Tentative. Seattle, Washington: Boeing Airplane Co. Numerical Control Mathematical Programming Memo, 1 p.

[11]

Boeing (1957b) February 28. Numerical Control Library Routines A. M. C. Skin Mills---Preliminary Outline. Seattle, Washington: Boeing Airplane Co. Memo, 16 pp.

[12]

Braid, I. C. (1975) April. The Synthesis of Solids Bounded By Many Faces. Communications of the ACM18(4): 209--216.

Digital Library

[13]

Bromfield, G. (1956) January 12, Numerical Control for Machining Warped Surfaces, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab Rep. No. 6873-ER-14.

[14]

Carlberg, E. F. (1957) March 27. Letter to D. T. Ross with Attachments A-F.

[15]

Clements, D. F. (1957) June 21. Coordinator's Report for Period May 20-June 20. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab Memo 2D APT II-6.

[16]

Clements, D. F. (1958) March 4. Letter to O. D. Smith.

[17]

Coons, S. A., and Mann, R. W. (1960) October. Computer-Aided Design Related to the Engineering Design Process. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab Rep. No. 8436-TM-5, 13 pp. DDC No. AD252061.

[18]

Dijkstra, E. W. (1975). Guarded Commands, Nondeterminacy and Formal Derivation of Programs. Communications of the ACM18(8): 453--457.

Digital Library

[19]

Dobe, J. W. (1969) April. The APT Long Range Program: Progress to Date; Plans for the Future. Glen View, Illinois: Numerical Control Society Sixth Annual Meeting and Technical Conference Proceedings.

[20]

Everett, R. R. (1951). The Whirlwind I Computer. Proceedings of the 1951 EJCC. New York: AFIPS, p. 70.

[21]

Gregory, R. H., and Atwater, T. V., Jr. (1956) March 1. Economic Studies of Work Performed on a Numerically Controlled Milling Machine. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab Rep. No. 6873-ER-18. See also Journal of Engineering8(6): 337--352 (1957).

[22]

Hori, S. (1972) July. The Structure of Functions and its Application to CAM Planning. NC Scene Glen View, Illinois: Numerical Control Society. July: 2--5.

[23]

IBM (1963) January. ADAPT, A System for the Automatic Programming of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools on Small Computers. San Jose, California: Final Tech. Eng. Rep. (Air Force Contract AF33(600)--43365).

[24]

Kaynor, K. (1958) July 8. Memo to R. Nutt. Subject: Conclusions reached at MIT on July 2, 1958.

[25]

Kinney, G. E. (1957) June 10. Letter to G. W. Jacob. Copy received by D. T. Ross 1957, June 18.

[26]

Liskov, B., Snyder, A., Atkinson, R., and Schaffert, C. (1978) August. Abstraction Mechanisms in CLU. Communications of the ACM20(8): 564--576.

Digital Library

[27]

McIlroy, M. D. (1960) April. Macro Instruction Extensions of Compiler Languages. Communications of the ACM3(4): 214--220.

Digital Library

[28]

McWhorter, B. J. (1958) April 10. Letter to D. T. Ross, with enclosures. Contains excellent description of IN-TRAN-DEFPRE processing method.

[29]

MIT Servo Lab. (1952) July 30. Final Report on Construction and Initial Operation of a Numerically Controlled Milling Machine. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Rep. No. 6873-FR-1. Reprinted in Appendix B of Ward (1960).

[30]

MIT Servo Lab. (1956) March 15. Design, Development and Evaluation of a Numerically Controlled Milling Machine. Final Report. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Rep. No. 6873-FR-2. Reprinted in Appendix A of Ward (1960).

[31]

MIT Servo Lab. (1957a) January 1 through March 31. Automatic Programming for Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Rep. No. 6873-IR-3.

[32]

MIT Servo Lab. (1957b) February 18. Programming for Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Cambridge, Massachusetts. (Special course brochure printed by MIT Summer Session Office.)

[33]

MIT Servo Lab. (1957c) March 23-April 3. Course Outline and Workbook for the Special Course on Programming for Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Cambridge, Massachusetts (no report number).

[34]

MIT Servo Lab. (1958a) January 1-June 30. Automatic Programming of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Rep. No. 6873-IR-6 and 7, ASTIA No. AD-156060.

[35]

MIT Servo Lab. (1958b) April. Research in Defense Techniques for Airborne Weapons, 1957 Annual Report (Vol. 2). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Servo Lab Rep. No. 7668--R-5(2).

[36]

MIT Servo Lab. (1959a) February 25. APT Press Conference. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Appendix C of Ward (1960).

[37]

MIT Servo Lab. (1959b). APT System Documentation. Ross, D. T. (1959) June. Vol. I, General Description of the APT System, 85 pp. Ross, D. T. (1959) May. Vol. II, APT Part Programmer's Manual, 130 pp. Ross, D. T. Vol. III, APT Calculation Methods (not published). MIT and AIA participating company staffs (1959) May. Vol. IV, A Description of the APT Computer Programs, 162 pp. Feldmann, C. G. (1959a) May. Vol. V, Operator's and Troubleshooter's Manual, 27 pp. Feldmann, C. G. (1959b) May. Vol. VI, Modification and Change Procedures, 54 pp. McAvinn, D. (1959) December. Vol. VII, Group Control for Automatic Manipulation of Computer Programs which Exceed Core Memory, 59 pp.

[38]

MIT Servo Lab. (1961) January. Investigations in Computer-Aided Design (December 1, 1959 to May 30, 1960). Cambridge, Massachusetts, Interim Eng. Rep. No. 8436-IR-1.

[39]

Pease, W. (1952) September. An Automatic Machine Tool. Scientific American187(3): 101--115.

[40]

Perlis, A. J. (1958) March 27. Letter to D. T. Ross rejecting Ross (1957f) for publication in CACM.

[41]

Ross, D. T. (1956a) February 7--9. Gestalt Programming: A New Concept in Automatic Programming. Proceedings of the 1967 WJCC. New York: AFIPS, pp. 5--9.

[42]

Ross, D. T. (1956b) through 1963. Daily Resumes (unpublished). Lexington, Massachusetts (to be placed in MIT Archives), 833 pp.

[43]

Ross, D. T. (1956c) November 30. Machine Tool Programming Conference No. 1 (unpublished memo draft), Cambridge, Massachusetts.

[44]

Ross, D. T. (1957a) March 29. Design of Special Language for Machine-Tool Programming. Cambridge, Massachusetts, published in MIT (1957c), pp. 3/29.5--9. (Reproduced here in Section 4, in full.)

[45]

Ross, D. T. (1957b) May 1. Preparations for Joint Programming of AIA APT II System. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Rep. No. 6873-TM-2. (Distributed to AIA/AMEC/Subcommittee for Numerical Control.)

[46]

Ross, D. T. (1957c) June 14. A Proposed Basic Language for the 2D APT II. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Memo 2D APT II-2, 6 pp. (Reproduced here in Section 6, in full.)

[47]

Ross, D. T. (1957d) October 23--25. Some Recent Developments in Automatic Programming of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Presented at Third Annual Contour Machining Conference (no Proceedings). Published in Ross (1958a).

[48]

Ross, D. T. (1957e) November 27. Letter to B. J. McWhorter.

[49]

Ross, D. T. (1957f) December 28. Development of a Research Effort in the Automatic Programming of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Presented at Association for Computing Machinery Session of the Indianapolis meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (no Proceedings). Published in Ross (1958a).

[50]

Ross, D. T. (1958a) January 7. Papers on Automatic Programming for Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Rep. No. 6873-TM-3.

[51]

Ross, D. T. (1958b) April. The SLURP System for Experimental Programming. Section III-E in MIT (1958b).

[52]

Ross, D. T. (1958c) April. A Philosophy of Problem Solving. Section III-D in MIT (1958b).

[53]

Ross, D. T. (1958d) April. A Multi-Mode Control Element. Section III-C in MIT (1958b).

[54]

Ross, D. T. (1958e) April 29. 2D-APT II Post Programmer's Manual (Field Trial Version). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Memo 2D APT II-16.

[55]

Ross, D. T. (1958f) July 25. Post Coordinators Report re Phase I System. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Servo Lab. Memo 2D APT II-19.

[56]

Ross, D. T. (1958g) November 30. A Progress Report on the 2D-APT-II Joint Effort for Automatic Programming of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. New York: ASME Paper No. 58-A-236 at ASME Annual Meeting. Published in condensed form, two parts, Mechanical Engineering81(5): 59--60, 70 (1959) May. Also published as Chapter II in MIT (1958a).

[57]

Ross, D. T. (1959) May. APT Part Programmer's Manual. See Vol. II of MIT (1959b).

[58]

Ross, D. T. (1960) September. Computer-Aided Design: A Statement of Objectives. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Rep. No. 8436-TM-4, DDC No. AD252060, 22 pp.

[59]

Ross, D. T. (1961) March. A Generalized Technique for Symbol Manipulation and Numerical Calculation. Communications of the ACM4(3): 147--150.

Digital Library

[60]

Ross, D. T. (1962) November. An Algorithmic Theory of Language. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Rep. No. ESL-TM-156, DDC No. AD296998, 68 pp.

[61]

Ross, D. T. (1964) September. AEDJR: An Experimental Language Processor. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Rept. No. ESL-TM-211, DDC No. 453881, 53 pp.

[62]

Ross, D. T. (1975) December. Plex 1: Sameness and the Need for Rigor and Plex 2: Sameness and Type, with "are: pres. pl. of BE" (1976 April). Waltham, Massachusetts: SofTech, Rep. Nos. 9031--1.1, 2.0, and 10. Abstracted in Ross (1976).

[63]

Ross, D. T. (1976) March. Toward Foundations for the Understanding of Type. SIGPLAN Notices1:8(2), Part II, Proceedings of Conference on Data: Abstraction, Definition and Structure, pp. 63--65. Abstracted from Ross (1975).

Digital Library

[64]

Ross, D. T. (1977a) January. Structured Analysis (SA): A Language for Communicating Ideas. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering3(1): 16--34.

Digital Library

[65]

Ross, D. T. (1977b) October. Comments on APT Items in D. T. Ross Daily Resumes (unpublished). Lexington, Massachusetts.

[66]

Ross, D. T., and Clements, D. F. (1957 and 1958). Coordinator's Report(s), Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Memos: 2D APT 11-9 for Period August 1-August 30; 2D APT II-10 for Period September 1 -September 27; 2D APT II-11 for Period September 28-October 21; 2D APT II-12 for Period October 22 -February 4, 1958; 2D APT II-13 for Period February 5-March 13; 2D APT II-14 for Period March 14 -April 4; 2D APT II-15 for Period April 5-April 15; 2D APT II-17 for Period April 15-May 1.

[67]

Ross, D. T., and McAvinn, D. (1958) December. Data Reduction for Pre-B-58 Tests of the XMD-7 Fire-Control System. Vol. 3. Evaluation of Fire-Control System Accuracy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Rep. No. 7886-R-3, ASTIA AD 207 353.

[68]

Ross, D. T., and Pople, H. E., Jr. (1956) June 26-December 31. Automatic Programming of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Rep. Nos. 6873-IR 1 and 6873-IR-2.

[69]

Ross, D. T., Rodriguez, J. E., and Feldman, C. G., eds. (1970) January. AED-0 Programmer's Guide. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab Rep. No. ESL-R-406 (published by SofTech, Waltham, Massachusetts).

[70]

Runyon, J. H. (1953) December 1. Whirlwind 1 Routines for Computations for the MIT Numerically Controlled Milling Machine, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Rep. No. 6873-ER-8.

[71]

Shaw, M., Wulf, W. A., and London, R. L. (1977) March. Abstraction and Verification in ALPHARD: Defining and Specifying Iteration and Generators. Communications of the ACM20(8): 553--564.

Digital Library

[72]

Siegel, A. (1956a) March 1. Information Processing Routine for Numerical Control. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Rep. No. 6873-ER-16.

[73]

Siegel, A. (1956b) October. Automatic Programming of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Control Engineering3(10): 65--70.

[74]

Smith, O. D. (1958 and 1959). AIA Coordinator's Report(s). Los Angeles, California: Aircraft Industries Association memos: 1. AMEC-58-17; 1958 April 4; for Period through 1958 March 14. 2. AMEC-58-45; 1958 August 25; for Period through 1958 August 7. 3. AMEC-58-47; 1958 August 27; Definition Preprocessing Memo. 4. AMEC-58-47; 1958 August 27; for Period through 1958 August 20. 5. AMEC-58-55; 1958 October 8; for Period through 1958 September 9. 6. AMEC-58-62; 1958 October 30; for Period through 1958 October 22. 7. AMEC-59-5; 1959 January 20; for Period through 1959 January 13. 8. AMEC-59-11; 1959 February 24; Work Assignments 1959 February 18.

[75]

Smith, O. D., and Corley, C. F. (1958) February 10. APT-II Arithmetic Program. Los Angeles, California: North American Aviation. SHARE-type writeup submission to 2D APT II Field Trial.

[76]

Swift, C. J. (1957) October 24. Letter to E. F. Carlberg.

[77]

Voelcker, H. B., and Requicha, A. A. G. (1977) December. Geometric Modeling of Mechanical Parts and Processes. IEEE Computer10(2): 48--57.

[78]

Ward, J. E. (1960) January 15. Automatic Programming of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools. Final Report. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Servo Lab. Rep. No. 6873-FR-3.

[79]

Ward, J. E. (1968). Numerical Control of Machine Tools. New York: McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, pp. 58--65.

[80]

Wirth, N., and Hoare, C. A. R. (1966) June. A Contribution to the Development of ALGOL. Communications of the ACM9(6): 413--431.

Digital Library

Cited By

Haviland JCorke P(2024)Robotics Software: Past, Present, and FutureAnnual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems10.1146/annurev-control-061323-0958417:1(253-283)Online publication date: 10-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061323-095841
Kasik D(2024)Developing and Using CAD/CAM/CAE Systems in BoeingIEEE Annals of the History of Computing10.1109/MAHC.2024.346834046:4(38-49)Online publication date: Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.2024.3468340
Landry SBihlman W(2023)Aerospace Systems AutomationSpringer Handbook of Automation10.1007/978-3-030-96729-1_51(1115-1137)Online publication date: 17-Jun-2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96729-1_51
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

APT Detector: Detect and Identify APT Malware Based on Deep Learning Framework
ICCAI '23: Proceedings of the 2023 9th International Conference on Computing and Artificial Intelligence

Advanced persistent threat (APT) attacks use sophisticated attack techniques and covert command and control (C&C) channels to conduct long-term sustained cyber attacks on specific targets as unobtrusively as possible. Over the past ten years, APT ...
Toward Identifying APT Malware through API System Calls
Self-developed malware was usually used by advanced persistent threat (APT) attackers to launch APT attacks. Therefore, we can enhance the understanding and cognition of APT attacks by comprehending the behavior of APT malware. Unfortunately, the current ...
HTTP-Based APT Malware Infection Detection Using URL Correlation Analysis
APT malware exploits HTTP to establish communication with a C & C server to hide their malicious activities. Thus, HTTP-based APT malware infection can be discovered by analyzing HTTP traffic. Recent methods have been dependent on the extraction of ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other Books

History of programming languages

June 1978

782 pages

ISBN:0127450408

DOI:10.1145/800025

Editor:
Richard L. Wexelblat
Sperry Univac, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 June 1978

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Qualifiers

Chapter

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

7
Total Citations
View Citations
1,150
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)280
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)12

Reflects downloads up to 03 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Haviland JCorke P(2024)Robotics Software: Past, Present, and FutureAnnual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems10.1146/annurev-control-061323-0958417:1(253-283)Online publication date: 10-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061323-095841
Kasik D(2024)Developing and Using CAD/CAM/CAE Systems in BoeingIEEE Annals of the History of Computing10.1109/MAHC.2024.346834046:4(38-49)Online publication date: Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.2024.3468340
Landry SBihlman W(2023)Aerospace Systems AutomationSpringer Handbook of Automation10.1007/978-3-030-96729-1_51(1115-1137)Online publication date: 17-Jun-2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96729-1_51
Mernik MHeering JSloane A(2005)When and how to develop domain-specific languagesACM Computing Surveys10.1145/1118890.111889237:4(316-344)Online publication date: 1-Dec-2005
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1118890.1118892
Krull F(1994)The Origin of Computer Graphics within General MotorsIEEE Annals of the History of Computing10.1109/MAHC.1994.29841916:3(40-56)Online publication date: 1-Sep-1994
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/MAHC.1994.298419
Ross D(1988)A personal view of the personal work station: some firsts in the fiftiesA history of personal workstations10.1145/61975.66914(51-114)Online publication date: 1-Jan-1988
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/61975.66914
Ross D(1986)A personal view of the personal work station: some firsts in the FiftiesProceedings of the ACM Conference on The history of personal workstations10.1145/12178.12180(19-48)Online publication date: 9-Jan-1986
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/12178.12180

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Chapter

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents