More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

research-article

Blockchain-Based Audio Watermarking Technique for Multimedia Copyright Protection in Distribution Networks

Authors:

Iynkaran Natgunanathan,

Purathani Praitheeshan,

Lei PanAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), Volume 18, Issue 3

Article No.: 86, Pages 1 - 23

https://doi.org/10.1145/3492803

Published: 04 March 2022 Publication History

Abstract

Copyright protection in multimedia protection distribution is a challenging problem. To protect multimedia data, many watermarking methods have been proposed in the literature. However, most of them cannot be used effectively in a multimedia distribution network (MDN) as they are not designed to support multi-layer watermark embedding. Multi-layer watermarking mechanisms were developed to protect multimedia data across different layers in an MDN. However, in those mechanisms, we need to trust the entities in the MDN, such as regional and country distributors. To overcome this potential drawback, in this article, we propose a novel privacy protection mechanism for MDNs by combining the advantages of both blockchain and watermarking technologies. A specifically designed watermarking algorithm is used to link the copyright information with the audio file, while a novel blockchain-based smart contract mechanism is developed to enforce the proper functioning of each entity in the distribution network. Moreover, the new audio mechanism is computationally efficient. Although audio signals are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism, the proposed approach can easily be extended to other multimedia objects, such as an image. The validity of the proposed mechanism is demonstrated by our simulation results. The proposed mechanism can benefit multimedia production companies and other entities in the MDN.

References

[1]

2021. Etherscan — The Ethereum Blockchain Explorer. Retrieved November 28, 2021 from https://etherscan.io/.

[2]

2021. Inter Planetary File System. Retrieved November 28, 2021 from https://ipfs.io/.

[3]

2021. Solidity Language. Retrieved November 28, 2021 from https://soliditylang.org/.

[4]

2021. Truffle Suite — Tools for Smart Contracts. https://www.trufflesuite.com/.

[5]

Kwame Opuni-Boachie Obour Agyekum, Qi Xia, Yansong Liu, Hong Pu, Christian Nii Aflah Cobblah, Goodlet Akwasi Kusi, Hanlin Yang, and Jianbin Gao. 2019. Digital copyright and content protection using IPFS and blockchain. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image and Graphics. Springer, Beijing, China, 266–277.

[6]

Deepayan Bhowmik and Tian Feng. 2017. The multimedia blockchain: A distributed and tamper-proof media transaction framework. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP’17). IEEE, London, UK, 1–5.

[7]

Oscal T.-C. Chen and Wen-Chih Wu. 2008. Highly robust, secure, and perceptual-quality echo hiding scheme. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 16, 3 (2008), 629–638.

Digital Library

[8]

ITU-T, R. 2001. Methods for objective measurements of perceived audio quality. standard. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland.

[9]

Ingemar J. Cox, Joe Kilian, F. Thomson Leighton, and Talal Shamoon. 1997. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 6, 12 (1997), 1673–1687.

Digital Library

[10]

Chris Dannen. 2017. Introducing Ethereum and Solidity. Apress, Berkeley, CA.

[11]

Peng Hu, Dezhong Peng, Zhang Yi, and Yong Xiang. 2016. Robust time-spread echo watermarking using characteristics of host signals. Electronics Letters 52, 1 (2016), 5–6.

[12]

Nima Khademi Kalantari, Mohammad Ali Akhaee, Seyed Mohammad Ahadi, and Hamidreza Amindavar. 2009. Robust multiplicative patchwork method for audio watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 17, 6 (2009), 1133–1141.

Digital Library

[13]

Hyunho Kang, Koutarou Yamaguchi, Brian Kurkoski, Kazuhiko Yamaguchi, and Kingo Kobayashi. 2008. Full-index-embedding patchwork algorithm for audio watermarking. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems 91, 11 (2008), 2731–2734.

Digital Library

[14]

Hyoung Joong Kim and Yong Hee Choi. 2003. A novel echo-hiding scheme with backward and forward kernels. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 13, 8 (2003), 885–889.

Digital Library

[15]

Serap Kirbiz and Bilge Gunsel. 2006. Robust audio watermark decoding by supervised learning. In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 5. IEEE, Toulouse, France, 761–764.

[16]

Darko Kirovski and Henrique S. Malvar. 2003. Spread-spectrum watermarking of audio signals. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 51, 4 (2003), 1020–1033.

Digital Library

[17]

Junichi Kishigami, Shigeru Fujimura, Hiroki Watanabe, Atsushi Nakadaira, and Akihiko Akutsu. 2015. The blockchain-based digital content distribution system. In Proceedings of the IEEE 5th International Conference on Big Data and Cloud Computing. IEEE, Dalian, China, 187–190.

Digital Library

[18]

Byeong-Seob Ko, Ryouichi Nishimura, and Yôiti Suzuki. 2005. Time-spread echo method for digital audio watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 7, 2 (2005), 212–221.

Digital Library

[19]

Satish Chandra Kushwaha, Pallavi Das, and Madhuparna Chakraborty. 2015. Multiple watermarking on digital audio based on DWT technique. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP’15). IEEE, 0303–0307.

[20]

D. Lakshmi, R. Ganesh, Srihari Rao Marni, R. Prakash, and P. Arulmozhivarman. 2008. SVM based effective watermarking scheme for embedding binary logo and audio signals in images. In Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON’08). IEEE, Hyderabad, India, 1–5.

[21]

Ming Li, Leilei Zeng, Le Zhao, Renlin Yang, Dezhi An, and Haiju Fan. 2021. Blockchain-watermarking for compressive sensed images. IEEE Access 9 (2021), 56457–56467.

[22]

Jianxing Liu, Kai Fan, Hui Li, and Yintang Yang. 2021. A blockchain-based privacy preservation scheme in multimedia network. Multimedia Tools and Applications (2021), 1–15.

[23]

Zhaofeng Ma, Weihua Huang, and Hongmin Gao. 2018. A new blockchain-based trusted DRM scheme for built-in content protection. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing 2018, 1 (2018), 1–12.

[24]

Henrique S. Malvar and Dinei A. F. Florêncio. 2003. Improved spread spectrum: A new modulation technique for robust watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 51, 4 (2003), 898–905.

Digital Library

[25]

Alfred J. Menezes, Jonathan Katz, Paul C. Van Oorschot, and Scott A. Vanstone. 1996. Handbook of Applied Cryptography. CRC Press.

Digital Library

[26]

Zhaoxiong Meng, Tetsuya Morizumi, Sumiko Miyata, and Hirotsugu Kinoshita. 2018. Design scheme of copyright management system based on digital watermarking and blockchain. In Proceedings of the IEEE 42nd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC’18), Vol. 2. IEEE, Tokyo, Japan, 359–364.

[27]

Iynkaran Natgunanathan, Yong Xiang, Guang Hua, Gleb Beliakov, and John Yearwood. 2017. Patchwork-based multilayer audio watermarking. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 25, 11 (2017), 2176–2187.

Digital Library

[28]

Iynkaran Natgunanathan, Yong Xiang, Yue Rong, Wanlei Zhou, and Song Guo. 2012. Robust patchwork-based embedding and decoding scheme for digital audio watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 20, 8 (2012), 2232–2239.

Digital Library

[29]

Akio Ogihara, Harumi Murata, Motoi Iwata, and Akira Shiozaki. 2009. Multi-layer audio watermarking based on amplitude modification. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing. ACM, Kyoto, Japan, 68–71.

Digital Library

[30]

Amna Qureshi and David Megías. 2019. Blockchain-based P2P multimedia content distribution using collusion-resistant fingerprinting. In Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC’19). IEEE, Lanzhou, China, 1606–1615.

[31]

Alexander Savelyev. 2018. Copyright in the blockchain era: Promises and challenges. Computer Law & Security Review 34, 3 (2018), 550–561.

[32]

Simon Stokes. 2019. Digital Copyright: Law and Practice. Bloomsbury Publishing.

[33]

Liu Tianchi, Yang Guangming, and Wang Qi. 2011. A multiple audio watermarking algorithm based on shear resisting DWT and LSB. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Networked Computing. IEEE, Gumi, Korea (South), 78–83.

[34]

Annabel Tresise, Jake Goldenfein, and Dan Hunter. 2018. What blockchain can and can’t do for copyright. Australian Intellectual Property Journal 144, 28 (2018), 1–14.

[35]

Amir Valizadeh and Z. Jane Wang. 2010. Correlation-and-bit-aware spread spectrum embedding for data hiding. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 6, 2 (2010), 267–282.

Digital Library

[36]

Alka Vishwa and Farookh Khadeer Hussain. 2018. A blockchain based approach for multimedia privacy protection and provenance. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI’18). IEEE, Bangalore, India, 1941–1945.

[37]

Baowei Wang, Shi Jiawei, Weishen Wang, and Peng Zhao. 2020. A blockchain-based system for secure image protection using zero-watermark. In Proceedings of the IEEE 17th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS’20). IEEE, 62–70.

[38]

Huiqin Wang, Ryouichi Nishimura, Yoiti Suzuki, and Li Mao. 2008. Fuzzy self-adaptive digital audio watermarking based on time-spread echo hiding. Applied Acoustics 69, 10 (2008), 868–874.

[39]

Gavin Wood et al. 2014. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper 151, 2014 (2014), 1–32.

[40]

Ja-Ling Wu and Jiun Shin. 1995. Discrete cosine transform in error control coding. IEEE Transactions on Communications 43, 5 (1995), 1857–1861.

[41]

Yong Xiang, Iynkaran Natgunanathan, Song Guo, Wanlei Zhou, and Saeid Nahavandi. 2014. Patchwork-based audio watermarking method robust to de-synchronization attacks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 22, 9 (2014), 1413–1423.

Digital Library

[42]

Yong Xiang, Iynkaran Natgunanathan, Dezhong Peng, Wanlei Zhou, and Shui Yu. 2011. A dual-channel time-spread echo method for audio watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 7, 2 (2011), 383–392.

Digital Library

[43]

Yong Xiang, Iynkaran Natgunanathan, Yue Rong, and Song Guo. 2015. Spread spectrum-based high embedding capacity watermarking method for audio signals. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 23, 12 (2015), 2228–2237.

Digital Library

[44]

Yong Xiang, Dezhong Peng, Iynkaran Natgunanathan, and Wanlei Zhou. 2010. Effective pseudonoise sequence and decoding function for imperceptibility and robustness enhancement in time-spread echo-based audio watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 13, 1 (2010), 2–13.

Digital Library

[45]

Ruzhi Xu, Lu Zhang, Huawei Zhao, and Yun Peng. 2017. Design of network media’s digital rights management scheme based on blockchain technology. In Proceedings of the IEEE 13th International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized System (ISADS’17). IEEE, Bangkok, Thailand, 128–133.

[46]

Peng Zhang, Shu-Zheng Xu, and Hua-Zhong Yang. 2012. Robust audio watermarking based on extended improved spread spectrum with perceptual masking. International Journal of Fuzzy Systems 14, 2 (2012).

[47]

Xiaoqiang Zhang and Z. Jane Wang. 2013. Correlation-and-bit-aware multiplicative spread spectrum embedding for data hiding. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS’13). IEEE, Guangzhou, China, 186–190.

[48]

Juan Zhao, Tianrui Zong, Yong Xiang, Longxiang Gao, and Gleb Beliakov. 2020. Robust blockchain-based cross-platform audio copyright protection system using content-based fingerprint. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering. Springer, Beijing, China, 201–212.

Digital Library

Cited By

Liu JWang YLu SYu GWang XFeng P(2025)SAAChain: release and storage platform of digital works based on non-fungible tokensThe Computer Journal10.1093/comjnl/bxae10468:2(187-200)Online publication date: 18-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxae104
Wang WXie Z(2025)A contracted container-based code component collaboration model with reusable but invisible right managementInformation Processing & Management10.1016/j.ipm.2024.10405762:3(104057)Online publication date: May-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2024.104057
Yun JLiu XLu YGuan JLiu X(2024)DRPChain: A new blockchain-based trusted DRM scheme for image content protectionPLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.030974319:9(e0309743)Online publication date: 19-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309743
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Blockchain-Based Audio Watermarking Technique for Multimedia Copyright Protection in Distribution Networks
1. Security and privacy
  1. Database and storage security
    1. Data anonymization and sanitization
    2. Information accountability and usage control

Recommendations

A Copyright Protection using Watermarking Algorithm

In this paper, a digital watermarking algorithm for copyright protection based on the concept of embed digital watermark and modifying frequency coefficients in discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain is presented. We embed the watermark into the detail ...
Audio dual watermarking scheme for copyright protection and content authentication

We propose a new multipurpose audio watermarking scheme in which two watermarks are used. For intellectual property protection, audio clip is divided into frames and robust watermark is embedded. At the same time, the feature of each frame is extracted, ...
A robust watermarking technique for copyright protection using discrete wavelet transform

The arrival of digital world coming soon, the digital media content can be easily altered, duplicated, and spread, which causes the copyright of media are violated. Therefore, attention is to discuss the protection of the intellectual property (IP) ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications

ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications Volume 18, Issue 3

August 2022

478 pages

ISSN:1551-6857

EISSN:1551-6865

DOI:10.1145/3505208

Editor:
Alberto Del Bimbo
University of Firenze, Italy

Issue’s Table of Contents

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 04 March 2022

Accepted: 01 October 2021

Revised: 01 October 2021

Received: 01 September 2020

Published in TOMM Volume 18, Issue 3

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Refereed

Funding Sources

Australian Research Council

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

15
Total Citations
View Citations
969
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)241
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)24

Reflects downloads up to 01 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Liu JWang YLu SYu GWang XFeng P(2025)SAAChain: release and storage platform of digital works based on non-fungible tokensThe Computer Journal10.1093/comjnl/bxae10468:2(187-200)Online publication date: 18-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxae104
Wang WXie Z(2025)A contracted container-based code component collaboration model with reusable but invisible right managementInformation Processing & Management10.1016/j.ipm.2024.10405762:3(104057)Online publication date: May-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2024.104057
Yun JLiu XLu YGuan JLiu X(2024)DRPChain: A new blockchain-based trusted DRM scheme for image content protectionPLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.030974319:9(e0309743)Online publication date: 19-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309743
García RCediel ATeixidó MGil R(2024)Semantics and Non-fungible Tokens for Copyright Management on the Metaverse and BeyondACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/358538720:7(1-20)Online publication date: 27-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3585387
Zhang CZhao MLiang JFan QZhu LGuo S(2024)NANO: Cryptographic Enforcement of Readability and Editability Governance in Blockchain DatabasesIEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing10.1109/TDSC.2023.333017121:4(3439-3452)Online publication date: Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2023.3330171
Jiang ZWang HHan S(2024)A robust PDF watermarking scheme with versatility and compatibilityMultimedia Tools and Applications10.1007/s11042-024-18151-w83:24(64341-64367)Online publication date: 15-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-024-18151-w
Zhao GHe HDi BGuo Q(2024)BC-DERCP: Blockchain-based copyright protection mechanism for digital educational resourcesEducation and Information Technologies10.1007/s10639-024-12612-329:15(19679-19709)Online publication date: 1-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10639-024-12612-3
Wang WXie ZLiu Y(2024)A Blockchain-Based Traceable and Verifiable Digital Circuit Trade Method with Dual-Signature StrategyBlockchain and Web3.0 Technology Innovation and Application10.1007/978-981-97-9412-6_32(350-361)Online publication date: 3-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9412-6_32
Zhang LLiu SMa CSu T(2023)Innovative Application of Blockchain Technology for Digital Recipe Copyright ProtectionApplied Sciences10.3390/app1317980313:17(9803)Online publication date: 30-Aug-2023
https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179803
Chen XYang AWeng JTong YHuang CLi T(2023)A Blockchain-Based Copyright Protection Scheme With Proactive DefenseIEEE Transactions on Services Computing10.1109/TSC.2023.324647616:4(2316-2329)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSC.2023.3246476
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Full Text

View this article in Full Text.

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

Figures

Tables

Media

View full text|Download PDF

View Issue’s Table of Contents