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OpenHaystack: a framework for tracking personal bluetooth devices via Apple's massive find my network

Published: 28 June 2021 Publication History

Abstract

OpenHaystack is an open-source framework for locating personal Bluetooth devices using Apple's Find My Network. A user can integrate it into Bluetooth-capable devices, such as notebooks, or create custom tracking accessories that can be attached to personal items (key rings, backpacks, etc.). We provide firmware images for the Nordic nRF5 chips and the ESP32. We show that they consume little energy and run from a single coin cell for a year. Our macOS application can locate personal accessories. Finally, we make both application and firmware available on GitHub.

References

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Oleg Afonin. Cloud Authentication Tokens Inside Out. ElcomSoft blog. Nov. 30, 2017. url: https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2017/11/icloud-authentication-tokens-inside-out/ (visited on 04/19/2021).
[2]
Apple Inc. Entitlements - Apple Developer Documentation. url: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/bundleresources/entitlements (visited on 04/19/2021).
[3]
Apple Inc. Find My Network Accessory Specification. Version Release R1. No longer publicly available. 2020. url: https://developer.apple.com/find-my/.
[4]
Apple Inc. MFi Program. url: https://mfi.apple.com/ (visited on 04/19/2021).
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Apple Inc. Notarizing macOS Software Before Distribution - Apple Developer Documentation. url: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode/notarizing_macos_software_before_distribution (visited on 04/19/2021).
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Apple Inc. NSDistributedNotificationCenter - Apple Developer Documentation. url: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsdistributednotificationcenter (visited on 04/19/2021).
[7]
Alexander Heinrich, Matthias Hollick, Thomas Schneider, Milan Stute, and Christian Weinert. "PrivateDrop: Practical Privacy-Preserving Authentication for Apple AirDrop". In: USENIX Security Symposium. 2021. url: https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity21/presentation/heinrich.
[8]
Alexander Heinrich and Milan Stute. OpenHaystack Implementation. 2021. url: https://github.com/seemoo-lab/openhaystack.
[9]
Alexander Heinrich, Milan Stute, Tim Kornhuber, and Matthias Hollick. "Who Can Find My Devices? Security and Privacy of Apple's Crowd-Sourced Bluetooth Location Tracking System". In: Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETs) (2021).
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Nordic Semiconductor. nRF52840 DK - User Guide v1.0.0. url: https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52840_DK_User_Guide_20201203.pdf (visited on 04/19/2021).
[11]
Milan Stute, Alexander Heinrich, Jannik Lorenz, and Matthias Hollick. "Disrupting Continuity of Apple's Wireless Ecosystem Security: New Tracking, DoS, and MitM Attacks on iOS and macOS Through Bluetooth Low Energy, AWDL, and Wi-Fi". In: USENIX Security Symposium. 2021. url: https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity21/presentation/stute.
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Milan Stute, David Kreitschmann, and Matthias Hollick. "One Billion Apples' Secret Sauce: Recipe for the Apple Wireless Direct Link Ad hoc Protocol". In: International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. ACM, 2018.
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Milan Stute, David Kreitschmann, and Matthias Hollick. The Open Wireless Link Project. 2018. url: https://owlink.org.
[14]
Milan Stute, Sashank Narain, Alex Mariotto, Alexander Heinrich, David Kreitschmann, Guevara Noubir, and Matthias Hollick. "A Billion Open Interfaces for Eve and Mallory: MitM, DoS, and Tracking Attacks on iOS and macOS Through Apple Wireless Direct Link". In: USENIX Security Symposium. 2019. url: https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity19/presentation/stute.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Poster: Leveraging Apple's Find My Network for Large-Scale Distributed SensingProceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services10.1145/3643832.3661412(666-667)Online publication date: 4-Jun-2024
  • (2024)Low‐cost animal tracking using Bluetooth low energy beacons on a crowd‐sourced networkMethods in Ecology and Evolution10.1111/2041-210X.1443315:12(2247-2261)Online publication date: 23-Oct-2024
  • (2024)Nebula: A Privacy-First Platform for Data Backhaul2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)10.1109/SP54263.2024.00092(3184-3202)Online publication date: 19-May-2024
  • Show More Cited By

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Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
WiSec '21: Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks
June 2021
412 pages
ISBN:9781450383493
DOI:10.1145/3448300
Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.

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Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 28 June 2021

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Author Tags

  1. bluetooth low energy
  2. key finders
  3. location tracking
  4. macOS

Qualifiers

  • Demonstration

Funding Sources

  • LOEWE initiative (Hesse, Germany)
  • Hessen State Ministry for Higher Education, Research and the Arts
  • German Federal Ministry of Education and Research

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WiSec '21
Sponsor:

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WiSec '21 Paper Acceptance Rate 34 of 121 submissions, 28%;
Overall Acceptance Rate 98 of 338 submissions, 29%

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Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Poster: Leveraging Apple's Find My Network for Large-Scale Distributed SensingProceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services10.1145/3643832.3661412(666-667)Online publication date: 4-Jun-2024
  • (2024)Low‐cost animal tracking using Bluetooth low energy beacons on a crowd‐sourced networkMethods in Ecology and Evolution10.1111/2041-210X.1443315:12(2247-2261)Online publication date: 23-Oct-2024
  • (2024)Nebula: A Privacy-First Platform for Data Backhaul2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)10.1109/SP54263.2024.00092(3184-3202)Online publication date: 19-May-2024
  • (2023)Understanding Women's Perspectives on Smart Home Security Systems in Patriarchal Societies of Malawi.Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference10.1145/3563657.3595971(1078-1092)Online publication date: 10-Jul-2023
  • (2023)HomeScout: Anti-Stalking Mobile App for Bluetooth Low Energy Devices2023 IEEE 48th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)10.1109/LCN58197.2023.10223406(1-9)Online publication date: 2-Oct-2023
  • (2022)OpenHaystack Mobile - Tracking Custom Find My Accessories on SmartphonesProceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks10.1145/3507657.3529655(277-279)Online publication date: 16-May-2022
  • (2022)AirTag of the Clones: Shenanigans with Liberated Item Finders2022 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW)10.1109/SPW54247.2022.9833881(301-311)Online publication date: May-2022

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