[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ skip to main content
10.1145/3383652.3423887acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesivaConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Wow, You Are Terrible at This!: An Intercultural Study on Virtual Agents Giving Mixed Feedback

Published: 19 October 2020 Publication History

Abstract

While the effects of virtual agents in terms of likeability, uncanniness, etc. are well explored, it is unclear how their appearance and the feedback they give affects people's reactions. Is critical feedback from an agent embodied as a mouse or a robot taken less serious than from a human agent? In an intercultural study with 120 participants from Germany and the US, participants had to find hidden objects in a game and received feedback on their performance by virtual agents with different appearances. As some levels were designed to be unsolvable, critical feedback was unavoidable. We hypothesized that feedback would be taken more serious, the more human the agent looked. Also, we expected the subjects from the US to react more sensitively to criticism. Surprisingly, our results showed that the agents' appearance did not significantly change the participants' perception. Also, while we found highly significant differences in inspirational and motivational effects as well as in perceived task load between the two cultures, the reactions to criticism were contrary to expectations based on established cultural models. This work improves our understanding on how affective virtual agents are to be designed, both with respect to culture and to dialogue strategies.

References

[1]
Mashael Al-Saleh and Daniela M Romano. 2015. Culturally Appropriate Behavior in Virtual Agents. In Eleventh Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference. AAAI Press, 69--74.
[2]
Ruth Aylett, Natalie Vannini, Elisabeth Andre, Ana Paiva, Sibylle Enz, and Lynne Hall. 2009. But that was in another country: agents and intercultural empathy. In Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multia-gent Systems - Volume 1 (AAMAS '09). International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 329--336.
[3]
Jeremy N Bailenson, Eyal Aharoni, Andrew C Beall, Rosanna E Guadagno, Alek-sandar Dimov, and Jim Blascovich. 2004. Comparing behavioral and self-report measures of embodied agents' social presence in immersive virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Workshop on PRESENCE. 1864--1105.
[4]
Jeremy N. Bailenson, Kim Swinth, Crystal Hoyt, Susan Persky, Alex Dimov, and Jim Blascovich. 2005. The Independent and Interactive Effects of Embodied-Agent Appearance and Behavior on Self-Report, Cognitive, and Behavioral Markers of Copresence in Immersive Virtual Environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14, 4 (Aug. 2005), 379--393. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474605774785235
[5]
Amy L. Baylor. 2009. Promoting motivation with virtual agents and avatars: role of visual presence and appearance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, 1535 (Dec. 2009), 3559--3565. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0148
[6]
Amy L Baylor. 2011. The design of motivational agents and avatars. Educational Technology Research and Development 59, 2 (2011), 291--300.
[7]
Amy L. Baylor and Soyoung Kim. 2008. The Effects of Agent Nonverbal Communication on Procedural and Attitudinal Learning Outcomes. In Intelligent Virtual Agents (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Helmut Prendinger, James Lester, and MitsuruEditors Ishizuka (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 208--214.
[8]
Kirsten Bergmann, Friederike Eyssel, and Stefan Kopp. 2012. A Second Chance to Make a First Impression? How Appearance and Nonverbal Behavior Affect Perceived Warmth and Competence of Virtual Agents over Time. In Intelligent Virtual Agents (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Yukiko Nakano, Michael Neff, Ana Paiva, and MarilynEditors Walker (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 126--138.
[9]
Cynthia L. Breazeal and Rodney Brooks. 2000. Sociable Machines: Expressive Social Exchange between Humans and Robots. Ph.D. Dissertation. USA. AAI0801833.
[10]
Justine Cassell. 2000. Embodied Conversational Agents. MIT Press, 1--27. http: //dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=371552.371554
[11]
Kerstin Dautenhahn and Iain Werry. 2004. Towards interactive robots in autism therapy: Background, motivation and challenges. Pragmatics & Cognition 12, 1 (Jan. 2004), 1--35. https://doi.org/10.1075/pc.12.1.03dau
[12]
Nick Degens, Gert Jan Hofstede, John Mc Breen, Adrie Beulens, Samuel Mas-carenhas, Nuno Ferreira, Ana Paiva, and Frank Dignum. 2014. Creating a World for Socio-Cultural Agents. Springer International Publishing, 27--43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12973-0_2
[13]
David DeVault, Ron Artstein, Grace Benn, Teresa Dey, Ed Fast, Alesia Gainer, Kallirroi Georgila, Jon Gratch, Arno Hartholt, Margaux Lhommet, and et al. 2014. SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-agent Systems (AAMAS '14). International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 1061--1068. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id= 2617388.2617415
[14]
Birgit Endrass, Elisabeth André, Matthias Rehm, and Yukiko Nakano. 2013. Investigating culture-related aspects of behavior for virtual characters. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 27, 2 (Sept. 2013), 277--304. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s10458-012-9218-5
[15]
Birgit Endrass, Ionut Damian, Peter Huber, Matthias Rehm, and Elisabeth André. 2010. Generating culture-specific gestures for virtual agent dialogs. In International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Springer, 329--335.
[16]
Arjan Geven, Johann Schrammel, and Manfred Tscheligi. 2006. Interacting with Embodied Agents That Can See: How Vision-Enabled Agents Can Assist in Spatial Tasks. In Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Changing Roles (Oslo, Norway) (NordiCHI '06). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 135--144. https://doi.org/10.1145/1182475.1182490
[17]
Sandra G Hart and Lowell E Staveland. 1988. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In Advances in psychology. Vol. 52. Elsevier, 139--183.
[18]
Adam T. Hirsh, Steven Z. George, and Michael E. Robinson. 2009. Pain assessment and treatment disparities: A virtual human technology investigation. Pain 143, 1 (May 2009), 106--113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2009.02.005
[19]
Geert Hofstede. 1980. Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Vol. 5. sage.
[20]
Geert Hofstede. 2011. Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online readings in psychology and culture 2, 1 (2011), 8. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
[21]
G Hofstede, GJ Hofstede, and Michael Minkov. 2010. Cultures and organizations: software of the mind.
[22]
Katherine Isbister, Hideyuki Nakanishi, Toru Ishida, and Cliff Nass. 2000. Helper Agent: Designing an Assistant for Human-human Interaction in a Virtual Meeting Space. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '00). ACM, 57--64. https://doi.org/10.1145/332040.332407
[23]
Takuto Ishioh and Tomoko Koda. 2016. Cross-cultural Study of Perception and Acceptance of Japanese Self-adaptors. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Human Agent Interaction (HAI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, 71--74. https://doi.org/10.1145/2974804.2980491
[24]
Toshikazu Kanaoka and Bilge Mutlu. 2015. Designing a Motivational Agent for Behavior Change in Physical Activity. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI EA '15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1445--1450. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702613.2732924
[25]
Felix Kistler, Birgit Endrass, Ionut Damian, Chi Tai Dang, and Elisabeth André. 2012. Natural interaction with culturally adaptive virtual characters. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces 6, 1 (July 2012), 39--47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193-011-0087-z
[26]
T. Koda and P. Maes. 1996. Agents with faces: the effect of personification. In Proceedings 5th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Communication. RO-MAN'96 TSUKUBA. 189--194. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.1996.568812
[27]
Kristen E Link, Roger J Kreuz, Arthur C Graesser, Tutoring Research Group, et al. 2001. Factors that influence the perception of feedback delivered by a pedagogical agent. International Journal of Speech Technology 4, 2 (2001), 145--153.
[28]
Samuel Mascarenhas, Nick Degens, Ana Paiva, Rui Prada, Gert Jan Hofstede, Adrie Beulens, and Ruth Aylett. 2016. Modeling culture in intelligent virtual agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 30, 5 (2016), 931--962.
[29]
Samuel Mascarenhas, João Dias, Nuno Afonso, Sibylle Enz, and Ana Paiva. 2009. Using rituals to express cultural differences in synthetic characters. In Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 1 (AAMAS '09). International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 305--312.
[30]
Punya Mishra. 2006. Affective feedback from computers and its effect on perceived ability and affect: A test of the computers as social actor hypothesis. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 15, 1 (2006), 107--131.
[31]
Jonathan Mumm and Bilge Mutlu. 2011. Designing motivational agents: The role of praise, social comparison, and embodiment in computer feedback. Computers in Human Behavior 27, 5 (2011), 1643--1650.
[32]
Clifford Nass, Jonathan Steuer, and Ellen R. Tauber. 1994. Computers Are Social Actors. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '94). ACM, 72--78. https://doi.org/10.1145/191666.191703
[33]
T. Noma, L. Zhao, and N. I. Badler. 2000. Design of a virtual human presenter. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 20, 4 (July 2000), 79--85. https://doi.org/10.1109/38.851755
[34]
S. Parise, S. Kiesler, L. Sproull, and K. Waters. 1999. Cooperating with life-like interface agents. Computers in Human Behavior 15, 2 (1999), 123--142. https: //doi.org/10.1016/S0747- 5632(98)00035-1
[35]
Isabella Poggi. 2004. Transcultural believability in embodied agents: a matter of consistent adaptation. Agent Culture: Human-Agent Interaction in a Multicultural World (2004), 75.
[36]
Matthias Rehm and Elisabeth André. 2008. From Annotated Multimodal Corpora to Simulated Human-Like Behaviors. In Modeling Communication with Robots and Virtual Humans (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Ipke Wachsmuth and GüntherEditors Knoblich (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1--17.
[37]
Matthias Rehm, Elisabeth André, Nikolaus Bee, Birgit Endrass, Michael Wissner, Yukiko Nakano, Toyoaki Nishida, and Hung-Hsuan Huang. 2007. The CUBE-G approach - Coaching culture-specific nonverbal behavior by virtual agents. In Organizing and learning through gaming and simulation:proceedings of Isaga 2007, Igor Mayer (Ed.).
[38]
Matthias Rehm, Nikolaus Bee, Birgit Endrass, Michael Wissner, and Elisabeth André. 2007. Too close for comfort? adapting to the user's cultural background. In Proceedings of the international workshop on Human-centered multimedia (HCM '07). Association for Computing Machinery, 85--94. https://doi.org/10.1145/ 1290128.1290142
[39]
Jeff Rickel and W. Lewis Johnson. 1999. Animated agents for procedural training in virtual reality: Perception, cognition, and motor control. Applied Artificial Intelligence 13, 4-5 (May 1999), 343--382. https://doi.org/10.1080/088395199117315
[40]
Jong-Eun Roselyn Lee, Clifford Nass, Scott Brenner Brave, Yasunori Morishima, Hiroshi Nakajima, and Ryota Yamada. 2007. The case for caring colearners: The effects of a computer-mediated colearner agent on trust and learning. Journal of Communication 57, 2 (2007), 183--204.
[41]
Akikazu Takeuchi and Taketo Naito. 1995. Situated Facial Displays: Towards Social Interaction. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '95). ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 450--455. https://doi.org/10.1145/223904.223965
[42]
Edmund R Thompson. 2007. Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS). Journal of cross-cultural psychology 38, 2 (2007), 227--242.
[43]
Isaac Wang, Jesse Smith, and Jaime Ruiz. 2019. Exploring Virtual Agents for Augmented Reality. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, 1--12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300511
[44]
Isaac Wang, Jesse Smith, and Jaime Ruiz. 2019. Exploring Virtual Agents for Augmented Reality. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300511
[45]
Jacob O Wobbrock, Leah Findlater, Darren Gergle, and James J Higgins. 2011. The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only anova procedures. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 143--146.
[46]
Sangseok You, Jiaqi Nie, Kiseul Suh, and S. Shyam Sundar. 2011. When the Robot Criticizes You...: Self-Serving Bias in Human-Robot Interaction. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (Lausanne, Switzerland) (HRI '11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 295--296. https://doi.org/10.1145/1957656.1957778
[47]
Zhe Zhang, Ha Trinh, Qiong Chen, and Timothy Bickmore. 2015. Adapting a geriatrics health counseling virtual agent for the chinese culture. In International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Springer, 275--278.

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)Stop Copying MeProceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents10.1145/3570945.3607322(1-4)Online publication date: 19-Sep-2023
  • (2023)A best practice for gamification in large companies: An extensive study focusing inter-generational acceptanceMultimedia Tools and Applications10.1007/s11042-023-16877-783:12(35175-35195)Online publication date: 28-Sep-2023
  • (2022)How do ChatBots look like?Proceedings of the 21st Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3554364.3559138(1-8)Online publication date: 17-Oct-2022
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
IVA '20: Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
October 2020
394 pages
ISBN:9781450375863
DOI:10.1145/3383652
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 19 October 2020

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. Conversational agents
  2. agent feedback
  3. culture
  4. virtual agents

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed limited

Conference

IVA '20
Sponsor:
IVA '20: ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
October 20 - 22, 2020
Scotland, Virtual Event, UK

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 53 of 196 submissions, 27%

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)59
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)3
Reflects downloads up to 19 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)Stop Copying MeProceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents10.1145/3570945.3607322(1-4)Online publication date: 19-Sep-2023
  • (2023)A best practice for gamification in large companies: An extensive study focusing inter-generational acceptanceMultimedia Tools and Applications10.1007/s11042-023-16877-783:12(35175-35195)Online publication date: 28-Sep-2023
  • (2022)How do ChatBots look like?Proceedings of the 21st Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3554364.3559138(1-8)Online publication date: 17-Oct-2022
  • (2021)OmotenashiProceedings of the XX Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3472301.3484372(1-7)Online publication date: 18-Oct-2021

View Options

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media