More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

research-article

InK: Reactive Kernel for Tiny Batteryless Sensors

Authors:

Kasım Sinan Yıldırım,

Amjad Yousef Majid,

Dimitris Patoukas,

Przemyslaw Pawelczak,

Josiah HesterAuthors Info & Claims

SenSys '18: Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

Pages 41 - 53

https://doi.org/10.1145/3274783.3274837

Published: 04 November 2018 Publication History

Abstract

Tiny energy harvesting battery-free devices promise maintenance free operation for decades, providing swarm scale intelligence in applications from healthcare to building monitoring. These devices operate intermittently because of unpredictable, dynamic energy harvesting environments, failing when energy is scarce. Despite this dynamic operation, current programming models are static; they ignore the event-driven and time-sensitive nature of sensing applications, focusing only on preserving forward progress while maintaining performance. This paper proposes InK; the first reactive kernel that provides a novel way to program these tiny energy harvesting devices that focuses on their main application of event-driven sensing. InK brings an event-driven paradigm shift for batteryless applications, introducing building blocks and abstractions that enable reacting to changes in available energy and variations in sensing data, alongside task scheduling, while maintaining a consistent memory and sense of time. We implemented several event-driven applications for InK, conducted a user study, and benchmarked InK against the state-of-the-art; InK provides up to 14 times more responsiveness and was easier to use. We show that InK enables never before seen batteryless applications, and facilitates more sophisticated batteryless programs.

References

[1]

2018. InK Website. https://github.com/tudssl/ink. Last accessed: Sep. 20, 2018.

[2]

2018. Intermittently-Powered Robot Website. https://github.com/tudssl/iprobot. Last accessed: Sep. 20, 2018.

[3]

Adafruit. 2016. Silicon SPW2430HR5H-B MEMS Microphone Breakout Board (SPW2430). https://www.adafruit.com/product/2716. Last accessed: Apr. 1, 2018.

[4]

Omid Ardakanian, Arka Bhattacharya, and David Culler. 2016. Non-Intrusive Techniques for Establishing Occupancy Related Energy Savings in Commercial Buildings. In Proc. BuildSys. ACM, Palo Alto, CA, USA.

Digital Library

[5]

Domenico Balsamo, Alex S. Weddell, Anup Das, Alberto Rodriguez Arreola, Davide Brunelli, Bashir M. Al-Hashimi, Geoff V. Merrett, and Luca Benini. 2016. Hibernus++: a Self-calibrating and Adaptive System for Transiently-powered Embedded Devices. IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst. 35, 12 (Dec. 2016).

Digital Library

[6]

Domenico Balsamo, Alex S. Weddell, Geoff V. Merrett, Bashir M. Al-Hashimi, Davide Brunelli, and Luca Benini. 2015. Hibernus: Sustaining Computation During Intermittent Supply for Energy-harvesting Systems. IEEE Embedded Syst. Lett. 7, 1 (March 2015).

[7]

Naveed Bhatti and Luca Mottola. 2017. HarvOS: Efficient Code Instrumentation for Transiently-powered Embedded Devices. In Proc. IPSN. ACM/IEEE, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Digital Library

[8]

Remo Brühwiler, Benjamin Goldberg, Neel Doshi, Onur Ozcan, Noah Jafferis, Michael Karpelson, and Robert J. Wood. 2015. Feedback Control of a Legged Microrobot with On-board Sensing. In Proc. IROS. IEEE, Hamburg, Germany.

[9]

Michael Buettner, Ben Greenstein, and David Wetherall. 2011. Dewdrop: an Energy-aware Runtime for Computational RFID. In Proc. NSDI. USENIX, Boston, MA, USA.

Digital Library

[10]

Gregory Chen, Hassan Ghaed, Razi M. Haque, Michael Wieckowski, Yejoong Kim, Gyouho Kim, David Fick, Daeyeon Kim, Mingoo Seok, Kensall Wise, David Blaauw, and Dennis Sylvester. 2011. A Cubic-Millimeter Energy-Autonomous Wireless Intraocular Pressure Monitor. In Proc. ISSCC. IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA.

[11]

Yang Chen, Omprakash Gnawali, Maria Kazandjieva, Philip Levis, and John Regehr. 2009. Surviving Sensor Network Software Faults. In Proc. SOSP. ACM, Big Sky, MT, USA.

Digital Library

[12]

Alexei Colin and Brandon Lucia. 2016. Chain: Tasks and Channels for Reliable Intermittent Programs. In Proc. OOPSLA. ACM, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Digital Library

[13]

Alexei Colin, Emily Ruppel, and Brandon Lucia. 2018. A Reconfigurable Energy Storage Architecture for Energy-harvesting Devices. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 767--781.

Digital Library

[14]

Powercast Corp. 2014. Powercast Hardware. http://www.powercastco. com. Last accessed: Mar. 30, 2018.

[15]

Samuel DeBruin, Bradford Campbell, and Prabal Dutta. 2013. Monjolo: An Energy-harvesting Energy Meter Architecture. In Proc. SenSys. ACM, Rome, Italy.

Digital Library

[16]

Artem Dementyev, Hsin-Liu Cindy Kao, Inrak Choi, Deborah Ajilo, Maggie Xu, Joseph A Paradiso, Chris Schmandt, and Sean Follmer. 2016. Rovables: Miniature On-Body Robots as Mobile Wearables. In Proc. UIST. ACM, Tokyo, Japan.

Digital Library

[17]

Adam Dunkels, Björn Grönvall, and Thiemo Voigt. 2004. Contiki - a Lightweight and Flexible Operating System for Tiny Networked Sensors. In Proc. LCN. IEEE, Tampa, FL, USA.

Digital Library

[18]

Shyamnath Gollakota, Matthew Reynolds, Joshua Smith, and David Wetherall. 2014. The Emergence of RF-Powered Computing. Computer 47, 1 (Jan. 2014).

Digital Library

[19]

Josiah Hester, Timothy Scott, and Jacob Sorber. 2014. Ekho: Realistic and Repeatable Experimentation for Tiny Energy-Harvesting Sensors. In Proc. SenSys. ACM, Memphis, TN, USA.

Digital Library

[20]

Josiah Hester and Jacob Sorber. 2017. Flicker: Rapid Prototyping for the Batteryless Internet-of-Things. In Proc. SenSys. ACM, Delft, The Netherlands.

Digital Library

[21]

Josiah Hester and Lanny Sitanayah Jacob Sorber. 2015. Tragedy of the Coulombs: Federating Energy Storage for Tiny, Intermittently-Powered Sensors. In Proc. SenSys. ACM, Seoul, South Korea.

Digital Library

[22]

Josiah Hester, Kevin Storer, and Jacob Sorber. 2017. Timely Execution on Intermittently Powered Batteryless Sensors. In Proc. SenSys. ACM, Delft, The Netherlands.

Digital Library

[23]

Josiah Hester, Nicole Tobias, Amir Rahmati, Lanny Sitanayah, Daniel Holcomb, Kevin Fu, Wayne P. Burleson, and Jacob Sorber. 2016. Persistent Clocks for Batteryless Sensing Devices. ACM Trans. Emb. Comput. Syst. 15, 4 (Aug. 2016).

Digital Library

[24]

Matthew Hicks. 2017. Clank: Architectural Support for Intermittent Computation. In Proc. ISCA. ACM, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Digital Library

[25]

Impinj Inc. 2018. Impinj Speedway R420 RFID Reader Product Information. https://www.impinj.com/platform/connectivity/speedway-r420/. Last accessed: Apr. 8, 2018.

[26]

Texas Instruments. 2015. MSP430FR5969 LaunchPad Development Kit. http://www.ti.com/tool/msp-exp430fr5969. Last accessed: Apr. 30, 2018.

[27]

IXYS. 2011. IXOLAR High Efficiency SolarBIT Solar Panel. http://www.ti.com/lit/ug/tidu383/tidu383.pdf. Last accessed: Apr. 2, 2018.

[28]

Hrishikesh Jayakumar, Arnab Raha, Woo Suk Lee, and Vijay Raghunathan. 2015. Quickrecall: A HW/SW Approach for Computing Across Power Cycles in Transiently Powered Computers. ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst. 12, 1 (July 2015).

Digital Library

[29]

Justin Y. Kim, Tyler Colaco, Zendai Kashino, Goldie Nejat, and Beno Benhabib. 2016. mROBerTO: A Modular Millirobot for Swarm-behavior studies. In Proc. IROS. IEEE, Daejeon, Korea.

[30]

Mathieu Le Goc, Lawrence H. Kim, Ali Parsaei, Jean-Daniel Fekete, Pierre Dragicevic, and Sean Follmer. 2016. Zooids: Building Blocks for Swarm User Interfaces. In Proc. UIST. ACM, Tokyo, Japan.

Digital Library

[31]

Philip Levis, Sam Madden, Joseph Polastre, Rober Szewczyk, Kamin Whitehouse, Alec Woo, David Gay, Jason Hill, Matt Welsh, Eric Brewer, and David Culler. 2005. TinyOS: An Operating System for Sensor Networks. In Ambient intelligence, Werner Weber, Jan M. Rabaey, and Emile Aarts (Eds.). Springer, Berlin, Germany.

[32]

Brandon Lucia and Benjamin Ransford. 2015. A simpler, Safer Programming and Execution Model for Intermittent Systems. In Proc. PLDI. ACM, Portland, OR, USA.

Digital Library

[33]

Kaisheng Ma, Xueqing Li, Karthik Swaminathan, Yang Zheng, Shuangchen Li, Yongpan Liu, Yuan Xie, John Jack Sampson, and Vijaykrishnan Narayanan. 2016. Nonvolatile Processor Architectures: Efficient, Reliable Progress with Unstable Power. IEEE Micro 36, 3 (May-Jun. 2016).

[34]

Kiwan Maeng, Alexei Colin, and Brandon Lucia. 2017. Alpaca: Intermittent Execution without Checkpoints. In Proc. OOPSLA. ACM, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Digital Library

[35]

University of Washington. 2014. WISP 5.0 Wiki. http://wisp5.wikispaces.com. Last accessed: Mar. 30, 2018.

[36]

Daniel Pickem, Myron Lee, and Magnus Egerstedt. 2015. The GRITSBot in its Natural Habitat - A Multi-robot Testbed. In Proc. ICRA. IEEE, Seattle, WA, USA.

[37]

Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, Alan Mainwaring, David Culler, and John Anderson. 2004. Analysis of Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring. In Wireless Sensor Networks, C. S. Raghavendra, Krishna M. Sivalingam, and Taieb Znati (Eds.). Springer, Boston, MA, USA.

Digital Library

[38]

R. Venkatesha Prasad, Shruti Devasenapathy, Vijay S. Rao, and Javad Vazifehdan. 2014. Reincarnation in the Ambiance: Devices and Networks with Energy Harvesting. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts. 11, 1 (First Quarter 2014).

[39]

Benjamin Ransford, Jacob Sorber, and Kevin Fu. 2011. Mementos: System Support for Long-running Computation on RFID-scale Devices. In Proc. ASPLOS. ACM, Newport Beach, CA, USA.

Digital Library

[40]

Michael Rubenstein, Christian Ahler, and Radhika Nagpal. 2012. Kilobot: A Low Cost Scalable Robot System for Collective Behaviors. In Proc. ICRA. IEEE, Saint Paul, MN, USA.

[41]

Saleae. 2017. Saleae Logic Pro 16 Analyzer. http://downloads.saleae.com/specs/Logic+Pro+16+Data+Sheet.pdf. Last accessed: Mar. 30, 2018.

[42]

Koen Schaper. 2017. Transiently-powered Battery-free Robot. Master Thesis. Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.

[43]

Faisal Karim Shaikh, Sherali Zeadally, and Ernesto Exposito. 2017. Enabling Technologies for Green Internet of Things. IEEE Syst. J. 11, 2 (June 2017).

[44]

Joshua R. Smith. 2013. Wirelessly Powered Sensor Networks and Computational RFID. Springer Verlag, New York, NY, USA.

[45]

Joshua R. Smith, Alanson P. Sample, Pauline S. Powledge, Sumit Roy, and Alexander Mamishev. 2006. A Wirelessly-Powered Platform for Sensing and Computation. In Proc. UbiComp. ACM, Orange County, CA, USA.

Digital Library

[46]

Tolga Soyata, Lucian Copeland, and Wendi Heinzelman. 2016. RF Energy Harvesting for Embedded Systems: A Survey of Tradeoffs and Methodology. IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. 16, 1 (First Quarter 2016).

[47]

Sparkfun. 2009. Analog Devices ADXL345 Breakout Board. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Accelerometer/ADXL345.pdf. Last accessed: Apr. 1, 2018.

[48]

Ivan Stoianov, Lama Nachman, Sam Madden, and Timur Tokmouline. 2007. PIPENET: A Sireless Sensor Network for Pipeline Monitoring. In Proc. IPSN. ACM/IEEE, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Digital Library

[49]

Fang Su, Yongpan Liu, Yiqun Wang, and Huazhong Yang. 2017. A Ferroelectric Nonvolatile Processor with 46μs System-Level Wake-up Time and 14μs Sleep Time for Energy Harvesting Applications. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I 64, 3 (March 2017).

[50]

Texas Instruments, Inc. 2014. FRAM FAQs. http://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slat151/slat151.pdf. Last accessed: Mar. 30, 2018.

[51]

Texas Instruments Inc. 2017. MSP430FR59xx Mixed-Signal Microcontrollers (Rev. F). http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/msp430fr5969.pdf. Last accessed: Aug. 30, 2018.

[52]

Joel Van Der Woude and Matthew Hicks. 2016. Intermittent Computation Without Hardware Support or Programmer Intervention. In Proc. OSDI. ACM, Savannah, GA, USA.

Digital Library

Cited By

Liu JLiang Y(2024)Selective Data Protection for Energy-Efficient Deep Neural Network Inference in Intermittent IoT SystemsProceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting and Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems10.1145/3698384.3699618(35-41)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3698384.3699618
Custode LFarina PYildiz EKilic RYildirim KIacca GShu YLiu JTan RHe YChen J(2024)Fast-Inf: Ultra-Fast Embedded Intelligence on the Batteryless EdgeProceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems10.1145/3666025.3699335(239-252)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3666025.3699335
Geissdoerfer KZimmerling MShu YLiu JTan RHe YChen J(2024)Riotee: An Open-source Hardware and Software Platform for the Battery-free Internet of ThingsProceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems10.1145/3666025.3699332(198-210)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3666025.3699332
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

InK: Reactive Kernel for Tiny Batteryless Sensors

Recommendations

Timely Execution on Intermittently Powered Batteryless Sensors
SenSys '17: Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems

Tiny intermittently powered computers can monitor objects in hard to reach places maintenance free for decades by leaving batteries behind and surviving off energy harvested from the environment--- avoiding the cost of replacing and disposing of ...
The Energy Harvesting Mode Abstraction
SenSys '18: Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

We propose a new abstraction for understanding energy harvesting behaviors in the wild, especially how these behaviors impact energy constrained and battery-free sensors. The Energy Harvesting Mode abstraction explores ways to make sense of energy ...
Flicker: Rapid Prototyping for the Batteryless Internet-of-Things
SenSys '17: Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems

Batteryless, energy-harvesting sensing systems are critical to the Internet-of-Things (IoT) vision and sustainable, long-lived, untethered systems. Unfortunately, developing new batteryless applications is challenging. Energy resources are scarce and ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

SenSys '18: Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

November 2018

449 pages

ISBN:9781450359528

DOI:10.1145/3274783

Editors:
Gowri Sankar Ramachandran
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
,
Bhaskar Krishnamachari
University of Southern California, Los Angeles

Copyright © 2018 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 04 November 2018

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed limited

Funding Sources

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek

Conference

SenSys '18

Sponsor:

SenSys '18: The 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

November 4 - 7, 2018

Shenzhen, China

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 174 of 867 submissions, 20%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

96
Total Citations
View Citations
1,421
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)172
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)26

Reflects downloads up to 09 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Liu JLiang Y(2024)Selective Data Protection for Energy-Efficient Deep Neural Network Inference in Intermittent IoT SystemsProceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting and Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems10.1145/3698384.3699618(35-41)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3698384.3699618
Custode LFarina PYildiz EKilic RYildirim KIacca GShu YLiu JTan RHe YChen J(2024)Fast-Inf: Ultra-Fast Embedded Intelligence on the Batteryless EdgeProceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems10.1145/3666025.3699335(239-252)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3666025.3699335
Geissdoerfer KZimmerling MShu YLiu JTan RHe YChen J(2024)Riotee: An Open-source Hardware and Software Platform for the Battery-free Internet of ThingsProceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems10.1145/3666025.3699332(198-210)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3666025.3699332
Kraemer CGelder WHester J(2024)User-directed Assembly Code Transformations Enabling Efficient Batteryless Arduino ApplicationsProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36595908:2(1-32)Online publication date: 15-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3659590
Yildiz EAkhunov KRiva LGoknil AKurtev IYildirim K(2024)Adaptable Runtime Monitoring for Intermittent SystemsProceedings of the Nineteenth European Conference on Computer Systems10.1145/3627703.3650070(1175-1191)Online publication date: 22-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3627703.3650070
Ahmed SIslam BYildirim KZimmerling MPawełczak PAlizai MLucia BMottola LSorber JHester J(2024)The Internet of Batteryless ThingsCommunications of the ACM10.1145/362471867:3(64-73)Online publication date: 22-Feb-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3624718
Akhunov KYldrm K(2024)CRAM-Based Acceleration for Intermittent Computing of Parallelizable TasksIEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing10.1109/TETC.2023.329342612:1(48-59)Online publication date: Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2023.3293426
Zhang ZLiu CKim H(2024)MII: A Multifaceted Framework for Intermittence-Aware Inference and SchedulingIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2024.344371043:11(3708-3719)Online publication date: Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2024.3443710
Xuan LLin CYen TChen YHsu C(2024)FASE: Energy Isolation Framework for Latency-Sensitive Applications in Intermittent Systems With Multiple PeripheralsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2023.331819943:2(456-467)Online publication date: Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2023.3318199
Niu JYu YZhang WGuan N(2024)Adaptive Checkpointing Method for Intermittent Computing Systems2024 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES)10.1109/SIES62473.2024.10768013(58-64)Online publication date: 23-Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES62473.2024.10768013
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents