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Classifying sentential modality in legal language: a use case in financial regulations, acts and directives

Authors:

James O' Neill,

Paul Buitelaar,

Leona O' BrienAuthors Info & Claims

ICAIL '17: Proceedings of the 16th edition of the International Conference on Articial Intelligence and Law

Pages 159 - 168

https://doi.org/10.1145/3086512.3086528

Published: 12 June 2017 Publication History

Abstract

Texts expressed in legal language are often difficult and time consuming for lawyers to read through, particularly for the purpose of identifying relevant deontic modalities (obligations, prohibitions and permissions). By nature, the language of law is strict, hence the predominant use of modal logic as a substitute for the syntactical ambiguity in natural language, specifically, deontic and alethic logic for the respective modalities. However, deontic modalities which express obligations, prohibitions and permissions, can have varying degree and preciseness to which they correspond to a matter, strict deontic logic does not allow for such quantitative measures. Therefore, this paper outlines a data-driven approach by classifying deontic modalities using ensembled Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) that incorporate domain specific legal distributional semantic model (DSM) representations, in combination with, a general DSM representation. We propose to use well calibrated probability estimates from these classifiers as an approximation to the degree which an obligation/prohibition or permission belongs to a given class based on SME annotated sentences. Best results show 82.33 % accuracy on a held-out test set.

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Cited By

van Dijck GAguilera CChakravarthy S(2024)Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislationArtificial Intelligence and Law10.1007/s10506-024-09423-9Online publication date: 12-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-024-09423-9
Bozdag MSevim NKoç A(2023)Measuring and Mitigating Gender Bias in Legal Contextualized Language ModelsACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data10.1145/362860218:4(1-26)Online publication date: 18-Oct-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3628602
Rejithkumar GAnish PGhaisas S(2023)Automated Identification of Deontic Modalities in Software Engineering Contracts: A Domain Adaptation-Based Generative Approach2023 IEEE 31st International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)10.1109/REW57809.2023.00020(72-75)Online publication date: Sep-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/REW57809.2023.00020
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Classifying sentential modality in legal language: a use case in financial regulations, acts and directives
1. Applied computing
  1. Law, social and behavioral sciences
2. Theory of computation
  1. Logic
    1. Modal and temporal logics

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Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

ICAIL '17: Proceedings of the 16th edition of the International Conference on Articial Intelligence and Law

June 2017

299 pages

ISBN:9781450348911

DOI:10.1145/3086512

Conference Chair:
Jeroen Keppens
King's College London, United Kingdom
,
Program Chair:
Guido Governatori
Data61, CSIRO, Australia

Copyright © 2017 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

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Publication History

Published: 12 June 2017

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ICAIL '17

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SIGAI

ICAIL '17: Sixteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law

June 12 - 16, 2017

London, United Kingdom

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Overall Acceptance Rate 69 of 169 submissions, 41%

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Cited By

van Dijck GAguilera CChakravarthy S(2024)Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislationArtificial Intelligence and Law10.1007/s10506-024-09423-9Online publication date: 12-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-024-09423-9
Bozdag MSevim NKoç A(2023)Measuring and Mitigating Gender Bias in Legal Contextualized Language ModelsACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data10.1145/362860218:4(1-26)Online publication date: 18-Oct-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3628602
Rejithkumar GAnish PGhaisas S(2023)Automated Identification of Deontic Modalities in Software Engineering Contracts: A Domain Adaptation-Based Generative Approach2023 IEEE 31st International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)10.1109/REW57809.2023.00020(72-75)Online publication date: Sep-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/REW57809.2023.00020
Graham SSoltani HIsiaq O(2023)Natural language processing for legal document review: categorising deontic modalities in contractsArtificial Intelligence and Law10.1007/s10506-023-09379-2Online publication date: 11-Nov-2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-023-09379-2
Sevim NŞahinuç FKoç A(2022)Gender bias in legal corpora and debiasing itNatural Language Engineering10.1017/S1351324922000122(1-34)Online publication date: 30-Mar-2022
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1351324922000122
Soavi MZeni NMylopoulos JMich L(2022)From Legal Contracts to Formal Specifications: A Systematic Literature ReviewSN Computer Science10.1007/s42979-022-01228-43:5Online publication date: 21-Jun-2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01228-4
Governatori GBench-Capon TVerheij BAraszkiewicz MFrancesconi EGrabmair M(2022)Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decadeArtificial Intelligence and Law10.1007/s10506-022-09329-430:4(481-519)Online publication date: 6-Sep-2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-022-09329-4
Liga DPalmirani M(2022)Deontic Sentence Classification Using Tree Kernel ClassifiersIntelligent Systems and Applications10.1007/978-3-031-16072-1_4(54-73)Online publication date: 31-Aug-2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16072-1_4
de Azevedo RSilva TAugusto HReis PChaves Ide Vasconcellos Sdos Anjos Pereira Lde Souza Biccas MMonteiro ADuarte A(2022)Banking Regulation Classification in PortugueseComputational Processing of the Portuguese Language10.1007/978-3-030-98305-5_13(137-147)Online publication date: 16-Mar-2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98305-5_13
Joshi VAnish PGhaisas SSpinellis DGousios GChechik MDi Penta M(2021)Domain adaptation for an automated classification of deontic modalities in software engineering contractsProceedings of the 29th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering10.1145/3468264.3473921(1275-1280)Online publication date: 20-Aug-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3468264.3473921
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